新疆枣花芽分化和单花发育过程观察与分析

【目的】研究新疆枣区主栽品种灰枣、骏枣花芽分化和单花发育的规律,为枣优质丰产栽培和提质增效提供参考依据。【方法】以2种枣品种为试材,从枣股开始萌动到枣吊停止生长阶段采样,采用石蜡切片法和体视镜观察花芽形态分化和花发育过程。【结果】骏枣、灰枣花芽形态分化进程可分为6个时期,自4月14日和4月17日从枣股刚萌动开始进入分化初期到雌蕊分化期分别需7 d和11 d;2种枣品种枣吊萌发生长到15 mm左右,已完成分化初期、萼片分化期和花瓣分化期,灰枣的花瓣分化期到雄蕊分化期需3~4 d,比骏枣多需2~3 d灰枣和骏枣雄蕊分化期到雌蕊分化期需要2 d。枣花为日开型,在10:00左右进入蕾裂期到子房膨大期有经历6个时期,灰枣和骏枣花发育各阶段差异不明显,但骏枣柱头开裂和授粉受精比灰枣提前。【结论】骏枣花芽分化比灰枣早3 d,且分化更迅速,在分化过程中各花器原基的分化具有顺序性和不可逆性,各个花器原基出现后,进一步分化形成花器官,最后进入开花阶段。

Observation Study of the Process of Flower Bud Differentiation and Flower Development of Jujube

【Objective】 To understand and master the rules of flower bud differentiation and flower development of the main varieties of jujube in Xinjiang. 【Methods】 Taking two kinds of jujube varieties as the testing material, the morphological differentiation and the flower development process of flower bud were observed by paraffin sectioning from the beginning of sprouting of jujube strand to the stopping growth stage of jujube crane. 【Results】 The process of flower bud morphological differentiation of Junzao and Huizao could be divided into six periods, from April 14 to April 17, it took 7 days and 11 days respectively from the beginning of jujube strand to the initial stage of differentiation to pistil differentiation; two kinds of jujube varieties, jujube hanging sprouts, grow to about 15 mm, and have completed the early differentiation, sepal differentiation period, and petal differentiation period. It takes 3-4 days from the petal differentiation period to the stamen differentiation period of the Huizao, which is 2-3 more than the Junzao. It takes 2 days from the stamen differentiation stage to the pistil differentiation stage of Huizao and Junzao.The flowers of jujube were of diurnal type, and there were six stages from the bud cracking stage to the ovary expanding stage at about 10:00 in the morning. There was no significant difference found between the flower development stages of Junzao and Huizao, but the stigma cracking and pollination and fertilization of Junzao were earlier than those of Huizao. 【Conclusion】 The flower bud differentiation of Junzao was 3 days earlier than that of Huizao, and the differentiation was more rapid. In the process of differentiation, the differentiation of each floral primordium was sequential and irreversible. After the emergence of each flower organ primordia, it further differentiated into flower organs, and finally entered the flowering stage.