棉花种质综合性状鉴定及资源利用分析

【目的】研究种质性状分布及变异特点,筛选出核心资源,选育出符合新疆棉花产业需求的品种。【方法】以保存396份陆地棉品种资源为材料,采用田间鉴定方法,分析6个表型生育性状、6个经济学性状、5个纤维品质性状及田间黄萎病变异及分布。【结果】供试陆地棉种质具有丰富的遗传多样性,生育期在116~125 d适宜范围的占51.8%; 60.0 cm以上较高株型的材料较少,占比17.9%;始果节高度在20.0 cm以上占比39.9%,可满足新疆机采棉采收需求;铃重以5.0~5.4 g居多,占总数39.4%;衣分整体较高,超过40%的占68.7%;产量差异大,籽棉以4 501~5 250 kg/hm²较多,占总数28.0%,皮棉2 400 kg/hm²以上高产种质占20.0%。发病高峰平均校正病指22.9,病指10.0以下的有73份,10.0~20.0的有125份;纤维长度30.0 mm以上占36.7%,马克隆值 3.7~4.2(A级)占比33.6%,比强度30.0 cN/tex以上占比69.2%,其中超过32.0 cN/tex有104个,占总数26.3%。生育性状变异程度,空果枝数>始果节高>株高>果枝数>始果节位>生育期;经济性状变异程度,皮棉产量>籽棉产量>单株铃数>铃重>籽指>衣分;纤维品质变异程度,比强度>马克隆值>纤维长度,整齐度和伸长率变异很小,变异系数分别为1.21%、1.87%;各种质间黄萎病变异系数高,可选抗病种质利用。【结论】鉴定出红叶材料1份、鸡脚叶材料3份、无酚材料2份及高比强等特异资源。筛选出新陆早82号、新陆早61号、鲁K638等16份品质与产量等性状匹配的、不同地域来源的优异种质。

Comprehensive Traits Identification and Resource Utilization Analysis of Cotton Germplasm

【Objective】 The comprehensive traits of bred varieties depend on the quality of germplasm. Through the method of field identification and analysis, we can grasp the distribution and variation characteristics of germplasm resources, and screen out the core resources that are of great value for scientific research, and can be used to breed breakthrough varieties that meet the needs of cotton industry in Xinjiang. 【Methods】 Based on 396 upland cotton varieties, the variation and distribution of 6 phenotypic growth characters, 6 economic characters, 5 fiber quality characters and variation and distribution of Verticillium wilt in field were studied from 2018 to 2019. 【Results】 There was rich genetic diversity in the tested cotton germplasm resources. The proportion of growth period between 116 and 125 was 51.8%; the proportion of plant height over 60.0 cm was 17.9%; the proportion of the first fruit node height over 20.0 cm was 39.9%, which could meet the demand of cotton harvesting by machine in Xinjiang; the proportion of boll weight between 5.0 g and 5.4 g was 39.4%; the proportion of lint percentage over 40% was 68.7%; the proportion of seed cotton yield between 4,501 and 5,250 kg/hm² was 28.0%; the proportion of lint yield over 2,400 kg/hm² was 20.0%. The average corrected disease index at the peak of the disease was 22.9, while the number of disease index below 10.0 was 73 and the number of disease index between 10.0 and 20.0 was 125; the proportion of fiber length over 30.0 mm was 36.7%, micronaire values between 3.7 and 4.2 g (grade A) was 33.6%, and fiber strength over 30.0 cN/tex was 69.2%, of which 104 exceeded 32.0 cN/tex accounting for 26.3% of the total. The degree of variation of growth characters was empty fruit branch number > first fruit node height > plant height > fruit branch number > first fruit node position > growth period; the degree of variation of economic characters was lint yield > seed cotton yield > boll number per plant > boll weight > seed index > lint percentage; the degree of variation of fiber quality was fiber strength > micronaire value > fiber length, and the variation range of uniformity and elongation was very small which were 1.21% and 1.87%, respectively. The coefficient of variation of disease of Verticillium wilt in all kinds of the tested germplasm was high, which could be used to breed disease resistant germplasm. 【Conclusion】 One line with red leaf, 3 lines with chicken foot leaf, 2 lines with phenol-free and several lines with high fiber strength are identified in this research and sixteen excellent germplasm resources with high quality and yield from different regional sources, such as Xinluzao 82, Xinluzao 61 and LuK 638, are selected, which might be used in breeding, and expanding the genetic diversity of new cotton varieties in Xinjiang.