不同原料堆肥对花生地土壤动物丰度及多样性的影响

阐明土壤中不同营养级动物对不同原料堆肥的响应机制，对于有机肥的合理施用及优化土壤微生态结构有重要意义。本研究于2010—2011年进行了花生等氮施入水葫芦、猪粪堆肥试验，通过手捡法、干漏斗法分别捕获土壤动物3 608、1 241头。Kruskal-Wallis检验发现，手捡法捕获的寡毛纲、鞘翅目和缨翅目数量在处理间有差异，其中寡毛纲是优势类群，在猪粪堆肥处理、水葫芦堆肥处理和不施肥对照中分别占比59.21%、74.34%和77.81%。干漏斗法捕获的各处理土壤动物数量间差异不明显，蜱螨目和盲蛛目是优势类群，蜱螨目在猪粪堆肥处理、水葫芦堆肥处理和对照中分别占比37.73%、25.61%和26.67%，盲蛛目在猪粪堆肥处理、水葫芦堆肥处理和对照中占比分别为23.00%、12.80%和26.67%。不同处理间生物多样性指数差异不明显，但水葫芦堆肥提高了稀有类群占比，而猪粪堆肥提高了常见类群占比。

Abundance and Biodiversity of Soil Fauna in Peanuts Plots Influenced by Different Material Compost

To discuss the response of soil fauna with different trophic levels to different material compost, the peanuts field experiment using water hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes) and pig manure compost as the two kinds of compost was conducted. Soil fauna sampling time was set in 10 days, 20 days, 30 days and 40 days after peanut cultivation during 2010 and 2011 years. 3608 and 1241 individuals of soil fauna were captured by hand and Tullgren isolation methods, respectively. Kruskal-Wallis test showed that, when using hand isolation method, the individual quantity of Oligochaeta, Coleoptera and Thysanoptera were significantly different among the treatments(P<0.05). Oligochaeta was the dominant soil fauna group and mainly saprophagous, the order of its cumulative trapped quantity among the treatments was as follows: water hyacinth compost(1347)>pig manure compost(842)>control(291), and the ratio of Oligochaeta quantity to trapped soil fauna when the peanuts field treated with pig manure compost was 59%, however when treated with water hyacinth compost this ratio was 74%, and in control treatment this ratio was 78%. Coleoptera and Thysanoptera were common groups and mainly phytophagous, and the trapped Coleoptera and Thysanoptera quantity treated with water hyacinth compost were 1.3 and 2.7 fold over that treated with pig manure compost, respectively. When we using Tullgren isolation method, there was no significant difference about individual quantity of any kind of soil fauna among treatments(P>0.05), and Acariformes and Opiliones were dominant groups and mainly saprophagous and carnivorous. The ratio of Acariformes quantity treated with pig manure was 38%, when treated with water hyacinth compost this ratio was 26%, and in control this ratio was 27%. The ratio of Opilions treated with pig manure compost was 23%, when treated with water hyacinth compost this ratio was 13%, and in control treatment this ratio was 27%. Although no significant difference was detected among treatments about these biodiversity indices(P>0.05), including Shannon-H, Simpson-D, Pielou-J, individual quantity and group numbers, water hyacinth compost increased the numbers of rare group, and pig manure compost increased the frequency of common group appearance.