新疆石河子垦区主要作物需水特征及水效益比较

根据新疆石河子垦区50年气象数据资料,计算分析了主要作物需水量变化及自然降水条件下农田水分平衡状况,并对主要作物水分生产效率效益进行了比较.结果表明:春小麦、冬小麦、春大豆、春谷子、苜蓿需水量均呈上升趋势,其中春小麦增加幅度最大,每5 a平均增加6.6 mm,而春玉米、水稻、棉花需水量呈下降趋势.粮食作物中以水稻亏水量最高,冬小麦、春玉米次之,而春大豆、春谷子、春小麦、薯类作物相对较小,经济作物中以糖类作物亏水量最高,其次为加工番茄、苜蓿、棉花,而瓜类、麻类、油料作物相对较小.不同灌溉方式下作物水分利用效率效益差异较大,粮食类作物如春小麦、春玉米水分利用效率高于其他作物,而果菜类作物如葡萄、蟠桃、线椒水分经济效益最高.

Comparison of Water Requirement and Water Use Efficiency of Main Crops in Shihezi Cultivated Area, Xinjiang

The trend of water requirement and deficiency of major crops in Shihezi cultivated area, Xinjiang was analyzed based on 50 years meteorological data. Water use efficiency (WUE) and economical water use efficiency (EWUE) of major crops was also compared. The result showed that water requirements of spring wheat, winter wheat, spring soybean, spring millet and alfalfa showed an increasing trend in the past 50 years, and the highest increasing range occurred in spring wheat, which increased by 6. 6 mm for every 5 years. But the water requirement of spring corn, rice and cotton decreased. Water deficiency among main crops in this region varied significantly. The order from high to low for grain crops was rice> winter wheat > spring corn> spring soybean > spring millet > spring wheat>potatoes. The order for cash crops was sugar crops>process tomato>alfalfa>cotton>melon crops>hemp crops>oil crops. Moreover, we found that the WUE and EWUE of major crops varied significantly under different irrigation methods. The WUE of grain crops such as spring wheat and spring corn was higher than other crops. But the highest EWUE occurred in fruit vegetable crops such as grape, flat peach and capsicum.