园艺地布微垄覆盖对渭北旱地矮化苹果根域土壤水分的影响

通过田间定位观测,设置(园艺地布微垄覆盖、秸秆覆盖和清耕)3个处理,分析不同降水年型下园艺地布微垄覆盖渭北旱地矮化苹果根域土壤贮水、果园耗水、果树产量及水分利用效率的变化。结果表明:降水欠水年、平水年园艺地布微垄覆盖果树生育期果园0～300 cm土层平均贮水量分别比清耕处理提高6.88%、8.02%,比秸秆覆盖处理提高1.64%、2.92%,显著提高了果树根系主要分布层土壤贮水量与供水能力,增强了对果园深层土壤贮水的调蓄作用,对深层土壤贮水的调蓄作用优于秸秆覆盖,其对果园土壤贮水平衡状况的影响与果树生长发育中后期降水量密切相关。园艺地布微垄覆盖增加了果园耗水量,改变了果园耗水结构,在欠水年、平水年与清耕相比显著减少了无效蒸发,减少量为26.94 mm、26.50 mm,同时与清耕相比显著提高了果树蒸腾耗水量,提高16.57%、12.09%,蒸发量和蒸腾量与秸秆相比皆无显著差异。园艺地布微垄覆盖具有显著的增产作用,欠水年、平水年水分利用效率分别比清耕提高9.32%、5.49%,但果树产量和水分利用效率与秸秆相比皆无显著差异。园艺地布微垄覆盖可作为渭北旱地矮化苹果栽培体系中的一种有效的蓄水保墒技术措施。

Effects of Black Ground Fabric Micro-ridge Mulching on Root Zone Soil Moisture of Dwarf Apple in Weibei Dryland, China

Based on field positioning observation, black ground fabric micro-ridge mulching(BGF), corn stalk mulching(CS) and clean tillage(CK) were applied to analyze the change of soil water storage, water consumption, yield and water use efficiency in Weibei dryland dwarf apple root zone under different yearly precipitation patterns. The results showed that:the average soil water storage of BGF in the 0-300 cm soil layer was 6.88% and 8.02% higher than CK, which was 1.64% and 2.92% higher than CS, during the growth period of the deficit precipitation year and the general precipitation year, respectively. BGF significantly improved the soil water storage and supply capacity of the soil layer where apple roots mainly distributed, and improved the reservoir action of deep soil in Weibei dryland dwarf apple orchard. Compared to CS, BGF had better reservoir action and better capacity to reduce ineffective water consumption, especially in deep soil and which was close correlation between precipitation in apple late growth stage and the situation of soil water storage restoration as well as soil water balance. Compared to CK, BGF increased water consumption, changed water consumption structure of the orchard and significantly decreased ineffective evaporation, the amount of evaporation reduction were 26.94 mm and 26.50 mm as well as transpiration of dwarf apple trees was significantly increased by 16.57% and 12.09%, which was not significantly difference to CS in the deficit precipitation year and the general precipitation year, respectively. BGF had significantly increased yield, improved water use efficiency of dwarf apple trees compared to CK. The water use efficiency of fruit trees was 9.32% and 5.49% higher than CK, which was not significantly difference to CS in the deficit precipitation year and in the general precipitation year, respectively. In conclusion, black ground fabric micro-ridge mulching was an effective technology practice for water storage and soil moisture conservation in Weibei dryland dwarf apple orchard.