寒地绿肥与烤烟套种对烤烟生长及经济性状的影响

探索发展低碳烟草农业、构建资源节约型和环境友好型农业,促进特色烟叶开发和烟叶产业的可持续发展。本研究通过田间定位试验,以绿肥紫花苜蓿、草木犀（一年生）、黑麦草、小麦与烤烟套种为基础,具体研究不同种类绿肥套种并配以减氮施肥对烤烟大田生长及烤后烟叶经济性状的影响。结果表明,烟田套种绿肥能够明显调节烤烟大田期的生长发育,有助于干物质积累,提高光合特性,进而提高烤烟的经济效益。从烟株生长的农艺性状、干物质积累方面看,烤烟套种紫花苜蓿+减氮30%(Y3)时烟株生长状况好于不减氮的常规施肥(Y5)和套种其他种类绿肥的处理(Y1、Y2、Y4),与不减氮的常规施肥(Y5)相比,套种紫花苜蓿+减氮30%处理最大叶长、最大叶宽、最大叶面积和干物质积累分别提高了11.67%、12.95%、26.25%和22.05%。与不减氮的常规施肥(Y5)相比,烤烟套种不同种类绿肥对SPAD值和光合特性具有一定的提升效果,并且套种绿肥+减氮30%施肥后不会影响烤烟的正常成熟和落黄时间。同时,套种绿肥+减氮30%后能够明显提升烤后烟叶经济效益的相关指标,烤烟套种黑麦草+减氮30%(Y1)对上等烟比例提高效果最好,烤烟套种紫花苜蓿+减氮30%(Y3)上中等烟比例、均价、产量和产值提高效果最好。与不减氮的常规施肥(Y5)处理相比,Y1处理上等烟比例提高了9.86个百分点,Y3处理上中等烟比例、均价、产量和产值分别增加7.88个百分点、1.9元/kg、99.15 kg/hm ²、7584.91元/hm ²。综合来看,紫花苜蓿是黑龙江地区培肥改土效果最佳的绿肥品种。

Tobacco and Green Manure Interplanting in Cold Region: Effect on Growth and Economic Characteristics of Flue-cured Tobacco

This study aims to develop low-carbon tobacco agriculture and construct resource-conserving and environment-friendly agriculture, thus to promote the development of tobacco leaf with special characteristics and the sustainable development of the tobacco leaf industry. Based on interplanting of tobacco with green manure (Medicago sativa, Melilotus officinalis, Lolium perenne, Triticum aestivum), the effect of interplanting with different green manures combined with the reduction of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth of flue-cured tobacco in field and the economic characteristics of post-flue-cured tobacco leaves was studied by using fixed- point trial. Results showed that interplanting with green manure in tobacco-growing field could significantly regulate the growth and development of tobacco plants, and contribute to accumulation of dry matter, and improve photosynthetic characteristic and economic benefit of flue-cured tobacco. For the agronomic traits and accumulation of dry matter of tobacco plants, the growth of tobacco plants interplanted with Medicago sativa+ 30%- reduction of nitrogen fertilizer treatment (Y3) was better than that of tobacco plants treated by conventional fertilization without reduction of nitrogen fertilizer (Y5). Likewise, treatment Y3 was better than treatment Y1, Y2 and Y4 in which tobacco plants were interplanted with Lolium perenne, Melilotus officinalis, and Triticum aestivum, respectively. Compared with treatment Y5, the maximum leaf length, maximum leaf width, maximum leaf area and accumulation of dry matter of treatment Y3 increased by 11.67%, 12.95%, 26.25% and 22.05% , respectively. Compared with treatment Y5, the SPAD value and photosynthetic characteristic of the tobacco plants interplanted with different green manures were improved to a certain degree, and interplanting green manure+ 30%-reduction of nitrogen fertilizer would not affect normal maturity and yellowing time of tobacco plants. At the same time, interplanting with green manure+ 30%-reduction of nitrogen fertilizer could significantly improve the relevant indexes of economic benefit of post- flue- cured tobacco leaves. The improving effect of the percentage of superior tobacco leaves of treatment Y1 was the best, and the improving effect of the percentage of medium and superior tobacco leaves, average price, yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco of treatment Y3 was the best. Compared with treatment Y5, the percentage of superior tobacco leaves of treatment Y1 increased by 9.86 percentage points. The percentage of medium and superior tobacco leaves, average price, yield and output value of treatment Y3 increased by 7.88 percentage points, 1.9 yuan/kg, 99.15 kg/hm2 and 7584.91 yuan/hm2, respectively. In general, Medicago sativa is the best green manure for soil fertility improvement in Heilongjiang.