氮磷钾肥优化配施对冬小麦产量与养分吸收利用的影响

为探究氮磷钾肥优化配施对冬小麦产量、养分吸收和积累以及利用特性的关系,推动高产高效施肥,于2017—2018年在河南省的鹤壁市和焦作市同步开展冬小麦田间试验,分析不施肥(CK)、磷钾肥配施(CF-N)、氮钾肥配施(CF-P)、氮磷肥配施(CF-K)、氮磷钾肥优化配施(CF)、控释尿素与普通尿素1:1配施(CRU)和农民习惯施肥(FP)对冬小麦产量、地上部养分积累和吸收利用效率的影响。结果表明,CF能显著提高冬小麦产量,其两地产量平均值分别较CK和FP提高30.27%和6.50%;与FP相比,焦作市CF的氮、磷、钾素积累量分别提高20.69%、1.03%和23.16%,鹤壁市则分别提高9.99%、3.27%和13.88%;两地CF氮、磷、钾肥利用率较CRU分别平均提高9.57、7.17和9.83个百分点,农学效率分别平均提高0.85、2.20和2.25个百分点。综上,采用氮、磷、钾肥用量分别为240、105、90 kg/hm²,并按照基肥与拔节肥1:1配施的CF处理可显著提高冬小麦产量及养分吸收利用效率。

Combined Application of N,P and K Fertilizers: Effects on Yield,Nutrient Uptake and Utilization of Winter Wheat

To explore the effects of combined application of N, P and K fertilizers on the yield, nutrient uptake, accumulation and utilization of winter wheat, promote high-yield and high-efficient fertilization, we carried out field experiments of winter wheat at different sites (Jiaozuo and Hebi) in Henan during 2017-2018, analyzed 7 NPK fertilizer application treatments i.e., no fertilization (CK), only P and K were applied (CF-N), only N and K were applied (CF-P), only N and P were applied (CF-K), the optimal rate of N, P and K were applied (CF), combined application of controlled-release urea with urea at the ratio of 1:1 (CRU) and the farmers’ fertilization practices (FP)] on the yield of winter wheat, nutrient accumulation and uptake and use efficiency of aboveground parts. The results showed that: CF could significantly increase the yield of winter wheat; compared with CK and FP, the average yield of CF increased by 30.27% and 6.50%, respectively; compared with FP, the N, P and K accumulation of CF increased by 20.69%, 1.03% and 23.16%, respectively, in Jiaozuo; and increased by 9.99%, 3.27% and 13.88%, respectively, in Hebi; the average use efficiency of N, P and K fertilizers of CF in Jiaozuo and Hebi increased by 9.57, 7.17 and 9.83 percentage points than that of CRU, the agronomic efficiency increased by 0.85, 2.20 and 2.25 percentage points, respectively. In conclusion, CF treatment according to the rate of base/jointing fertilizer with 1:1 by adopting the amount of N, P and K fertilizers with 240, 105 and 90 kg/hm², respectively, can significantly increase the yield of winter wheat and nutrient uptake and use efficiency.