化肥有机替代对烤烟产质量、土壤理化性质及酶活性的影响

为明确在烤烟生产中应用有机肥替代化肥的可行性及化肥减量的适宜比例,以烤烟的产量、品质以及土壤理化性状和酶活性为衡量指标,比较不同用量有机肥替代部分化肥对烤烟的产量、品质以及土壤理化性状和酶活性的影响。开展以有机肥替代化肥的烤烟田间试验,并对烤烟农艺性状、产质量、土壤理化性状及酶活进行调查与检测分析。试验结果表明：（1）有机肥替代化肥15% N处理在株高、最大叶长、最大叶宽、有效叶片数、茎围等5个指标上均优于对照处理;（2）有机肥替代化肥15% N处理烟叶产量、产值、上中等烟比例、上等烟比例和均价均高于对照处理,特别是上等烟比例高出78.18%,具有显著性差异;（3）烤后烟叶化学成分均较为协调,有机替代处理优于对照处理;（4）与对照处理相比,有机肥替代化肥15% N处理提高了土壤速效磷、全氮、全钾、有效硅含量,其中有效硅含量显著提高了55.47%;有机肥替代化肥15% N还提高了土壤转化酶、脲酶、脱氢酶活性。综上所述,有机肥替代化肥15% N处理对促进烤烟产质量以及土壤肥力的效果最好。

Effects of Organic Fertilizer Partial Substitution for Chemical Fertilizer on Yield,Soil Physic-chemical Properties and Enzyme Activities of Flue-cured Tobacco

To determine the feasibility of the substitution of organic fertilizer for chemical fertilizer in flue-cured tobacco production and the optimized proportions of chemical fertilizer reduction, we compared the effects of different amounts of organic fertilizer as the substitution for chemical fertilizer on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco as well as the physical and chemical properties and enzyme activities of soil. The results showed that: (1) the organic fertilizer substitution for 15% N chemical fertilizer treatment was superior to the control treatment in plant height, maximum leaf length, maximum leaf width, effective leaf number and stem circumference; (2) the yield, output value, mid-high grade tobacco, high grade tobacco and average price of tobacco in the organic fertilizer substitution for 15% N chemical fertilizer treatment were higher than those of the control treatment, especially the proportion of high grade tobacco was 78.18% higher; (3) the chemical constituents of middle leaves were all coordinated, and the organic substitution treatment was better than the control treatment; (4) compared with the control treatment, the organic fertilizer substitution for 15% N chemical fertilizer treatment increased soil available P, total N, total K and available Si content, notably, the available Si content increased significantly by 55.47%; the organic fertilizer substitution for 15% N chemical fertilizer treatment also increased soil invertase, urease, dehydrogenase activity. In conclusion, the organic fertilizer substitution for 15% N chemical fertilizer treatment has the best effect for improving the yield of flue-cured tobacco and soil fertility.