播种量和施肥量对南方春大豆产量形成和机收质量的影响

为探索南方机械化作业条件下大豆高产高效栽培技术,以‘湘春豆V8’为材料,通过大田大区试验研究了播种量和施肥量对春大豆农艺性状、产量及产量构成以及机收质量的影响。结果表明：（1）大豆株高、底荚高度、倒伏率随着播种量和施肥量的增加而增大,大豆出苗率、成株率则随着播种量的增加而降低。（2）大豆单位面积株数随着播种量的增大而增多,而每株有效荚数则反之;施肥量的增加能有效提高每荚果粒数;均数间两两比较表明,S₂F₂（播种量75 kg/hm²+复混肥量90 kg/hm²）处理可获得最高产量2834.91 kg/hm²。（3）播种量和施肥量对机收损失率均无显著影响,且不存在交互效应,总体机收损失率在5.39%~6.21%之间。相关性分析表明,播种量主要通过单位面积株数、成株率、株高、倒伏率来影响机收含杂率,主要通过单位面积株数、成株率来影响机收损伤率;而施肥量主要通过株高、底荚高度和倒伏率来影响机收含杂率。播种量对机械收获质量,特别是机收含杂率和损伤率影响较施肥量更为广泛。综合考虑大豆产量及机械收获质量等因素,认为采用播种量75 kg/hm²+复混肥量90 kg/hm²可获最高产量2834.91 kg/hm²（机收2731.88 kg/hm²）,且能有效降低机收含杂率和机收损伤率至6.82%和11.38%。

Effects of Sowing Rate and Fertilization Rate on Yield Formation and Mechanical Harvest Quality of Spring Soybean in South China

To explore the high yield and high efficiency cultivation technology of soybean under mechanized operation in south China, wide field experiments were conducted to exploring the effects of sowing rate and fertilization rate on the agronomic characters, yield, yield components and mechanical harvest quality of spring soybean with ‘Xiangchundou V8’ as the material. The results showed that: (1) the plant height, bottom pod height and lodging rate of soybean rose with the increase of sowing and fertilization, while the seedling rate and plant rate decreased with the increase of sowing; (2) the number of plants per unit area rose with the increase of sowing rate, but the number of effective pods per plant was on the contrary; while the number of seeds per pod increased with the increase of fertilization rate; result of comparing by pairs indicated that the highest yield of 2834.91 kg/hm ² could be obtained by treatment S₂F₂ (sowing rate of 75 kg/hm² + compound fertilizer application rate of 90 kg/hm²); (3) no significant effect of sowing rate or fertilization rate on the mechanical harvest loss rate was observed, and there was no interaction between them, however, the total loss rate was between 5.39% and 6.21%. The correlation analysis showed that the sowing rate mainly affected the impurity rate by the number of plants per unit area, the plant rate, plant height, and lodging rate, and affected the seed damage rate by the number of plants per unit area and the plant rate; while the fertilization rate mainly affected the damage seed rate by the plant height, bottom pod height and lodging rate. It could be seen that the effect of sowing rate on the quality of mechanical harvest, especially the impurity rate and damage rate of mechanical harvest, was more extensive than that of fertilization rate. Considering the factors of soybean yield, mechanical harvest quality etc., the highest yield of 2834.91 kg/hm² (mechanical harvest yield of 2731.88 kg/hm²) could be obtained by sowing 75 kg/hm² + compound fertilizer 90 kg/hm², moreover, it could effectively reduce the impurity rate and damage rate of mechanical harvest to 6.82% and 11.38%.