中国苹果授粉研究现状

苹果是中国最重要的栽培果树，然而目前其单产和优果率较低、果实品质较差，严重制约了中国苹果在国际市场上的竞争力。尽管人工授粉可以提高产量，但目前人工授粉成本不断增加；传粉昆虫对大幅提高苹果产量，尤其增加优质果率方面有着不可替代的作用，但目前自然界传粉昆虫数量严重不足，无法满足苹果产业规模化发展的需求。大力推广蜜蜂、壁蜂授粉技术，深入研究切叶蜂、土中筑巢蜂等苹果野生传粉昆虫的人工驯养技术是确保苹果产业可持续发展的重要途径；同时，科学配置授粉树也是提高苹果坐果率、优质果率、改善苹果品质的关键。本研究综述了苹果花部特征、传粉方式、传粉昆虫种类以及影响苹果授粉效果的因素等，并对今后开展苹果授粉的研究提出了几点建议，以期为提高中国苹果产量和品质提供一些思路。

Present Research on Apple Pollination in China

Apple is the most important cultivation fruits in China. However, the lower average yield per unit area, a small proportion of optimal fruits and poor fruit quality have seriously restricted our competitiveness in the international market at present. Although, artificial pollination can improve the yield of apple, the cost is increasing. Alternatively, pollinators play an irreplaceable role in boosting the yield, particularly the ratio of optimal fruits, but their numbers in nature are gross shortage for recent years. Consequently it is impossible for meeting the demand of large scale development of apple industry. It is an important approach to ensure the sustainable development of apple industry through popularizing honeybees or mason bees for apple pollination and further researching on the artificial domesticating soil-nesting bees and leaf cutting bees as apple pollinators. Meanwhile, one must consider the arrangement of main and pollenizer varieties in an orchard. The author reviewed on floral traits, pollination patterns, pollinating insects as well as the influencing factors of pollination effect for apple. Based on what mentioned above, the author gave several suggestions for future studying on apple pollination. It was hoped that these information was benefit for improving apple production and fruit quality.