测墒补灌条件下高产小麦品种水分利用特性及干物质积累和分配

2007-2009年连续2个小麦生长季，利用测墒补灌技术，设置0~140 cm土壤相对含水量低(拔节期65%, 开花期55%~60%)、中(拔节期75%, 开花期65%~70%)、高(拔节期75%, 开花期75%) 3个处理，比较了14个小麦生产品种的水分利用特性及干物质积累和分配的差异。以小麦籽粒产量和水分利用率为指标的聚类分析，将14个小麦品种分为3组，分别是超高产高水分利用率组(I组)、超高产中水分利用率组(II组)和高产低水分利用率组(III组)。比较各组代表品种的耗水量、耗水模系数及日耗水量，播种至拔节期山农15 (I组)显著低于济麦22 (II组)和烟农21 (III组)，拔节至开花期山农15显著高于济麦22和烟农21，开花至成熟期品种间无显著差异。在中水分条件下，山农15的土壤贮水消耗量及其占总耗水量的比例显著高于济麦22和烟农21，而在低和高水分条件下，3个品种无显著差异。在中、高水分条件下，山农15开花期的干物质积累量显著高于济麦22和烟农21，成熟期与济麦22无显著差异，但显著高于烟农21；营养器官开花前贮藏同化物向籽粒的转运量和转运率及对籽粒的贡献率均显著高于济麦22和烟农21；3品种的经济系数以山农15最大，济麦22次之，烟农21最小。

Characteristics of Water Use and Dry Matter Accumulation and Distribution in Different High-yielding Wheat Cultivars under Supplemental Irrigation Based on Soil Moisture

Water shortage is a serious problem threatening sustainable agricultural development in the North China Plain, where winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the largest water-consuming crop. The objective of this study was to guide wheat production in this area by selecting high water efficient cultivar and improving irrigation regime. In a two-year field experiment from autumn of 2007 to summer of 2009, irrigation quantum was controlled based on testing soil moisture (SM) in 0–140 cm depth, which was designed in low (SM of 65% at jointing and 55–60% at anthesis stage), medium (SM of 75% at jointing and 65–70% at anthesis stage), and high (SM of 75% at jointing and 75% at anthesis stage) levels. Water use efficiency (WUE), dry matter accumulation and distribution in wheat plant, and grain yield were tested and compared among 14 commercial cultivars. Based on grain yield and WUE, the 14 cultivars were clustered into three groups, namely, super-high yield and high WUE group (I), super-high yield and medium WUE group (II), and high yield and low WUE group (III). One representative cultivar was selected from each group to compare the amount and proportion of water consumption during sowing–jointing, jointing–anthesis, and anthesis–maturity periods. Shannong 15 from group I had significantly lower water consumption from sowing to jointing than Jimai 22 from group II and Yannong 21 from group III, and significantly higher water consumption from jointing to anthesis. However, water consumption amount and proportion had no significant differences among the three cultivars from anthesis to maturity. Under medium SM condition, soil water consumption in Shannong 15 was significantly higher than that in Jimai 22 and Yannong 21, but such advantage in Shannong 15 disappeared under high SM condition. Under medium and high SM conditions, translocation amount and ratio of dry matter accumulated before anthesis and its contribution to grain were significantly higher in Shannong 15 than in Jimai 22 and Yannong 21. Among the three cultivars, harvest index was the highest in Shannong 15, the medium in Jimai 22, and the lowest in Yannong 21.