秸秆还田下土壤有机质激发效应研究进展

土壤有机质是农田肥力的基础与核心,对作物产量、农业环境,甚至地球碳循环意义重大。作物秸秆作为农田土壤有机碳库的重要外部补充,其还田过程对土壤有机碳周转和碳库平衡具有显著影响。激发效应是一种因新鲜有机质输入而导致土壤本底有机质矿化速率发生改变的现象。秸秆还田导致的土壤有机质分解激发,不仅涉及到秸秆资源化高效利用,还直接关系到农田土壤碳库的平衡及其功能,因此备受科学界关注。尽管对外源有机质输入引起的土壤有机质激发效应的理论研究已取得了较大进展,但如何结合最新的理论结果到秸秆还田固碳减排的生产实践中仍面临着较大的挑战,这主要归结于对农田土壤有机质分解激发效应的发生特点和规律,及其背后的土壤、气候、管理等相关的驱动因子和过程还未完全明确。据此,本文首先对土壤有机质分解激发效应发生的理论研究进展（包括：共代谢理论、氮矿化理论、化学计量比和微生物残体再利用）进行了系统综述。其次,结合已有的研究证据和理论假设进一步概述了秸秆还田过程中影响激发强度和方向的潜在驱动因素,如：秸秆类型和数量、还田方式、水肥管理、土壤属性、气候因子等。最后,从秸秆还田的高效性、农田碳库的可持续和农业环境的友好性出发,对秸秆还田土壤有机质分解激发的潜在研究方向进行了展望,并就秸秆还田改善土壤碳库的优化措施提出了建议。

Research Progress on the Native Soil Carbon Priming after Straw Addition

Soil organic carbon is the foundation and core of farmland fertility, which is of great significance for crop yield, agricultural environment and the earth"s carbon cycling. Crop straw is one of the important external sources for soil organic carbon replenishment in cropping soils. The processes of returning straw to soil exert a significant effect on the turnover of soil organic carbon and hence carbon pool balance. Soil carbon priming is a common phenomenon, which can be defined as an distinct shift of native organic carbon mineralization due to fresh organic matter inputs into the soils. There is an increased attention to the straw-induced priming effect in the recent years, due mainly to the fact that straw incorporation not only involves high-effective resource utilization of crop straw residue, but also directly relates to the balance of soil carbon pool and its functionality. Despite a tremendous advance in the theoretical study on soil organic carbon priming following the external organic matter inputs, we are currently facing other big challenges. For instance, that how to combine this latest theoretical knowledge into the practical application of straw residue management aiming to promote soil carbon sequestration and reduce carbon emissions. To tackle these difficulties, the characteristics and potential mechanisms of the organic carbon priming due to straw return to soils should been clarified, and its specific drivers (i.e., edaphic, climatic and anthropogenic factors) should also been fully identified fully. This paper first systematically summarized the potential theoretical basis of organic carbon priming such as co-metabolism theory, N-mining theory, stoichiometric decomposition and microbial, and necromass reuse. Secondly, we combined existing research data and theoretical hypotheses to elaborate a series of implicit factors that govern the direction and magnitude of soil carbon priming, including the straw type and quantity, return method, water and fertilizer management, soil properties, and climatic agency, et al. Finally, taking into the consideration the high-effective utilization of straw residue, the sustainable build-up of soil carbon pool, and environmentally friendly farming practices, the potential research directions on straw-induced soil carbon priming we proposed, and the adaptative straw management methods designed to promote soil carbon sequestration were also outlined.