病毒在土壤中的迁移行为

细菌和病毒等致病微生物广泛存在于化粪池、污水污泥、废水等源头。由于病毒比细菌和原生动物包囊小得多，在通过多孔土壤时不容易被过滤净化，地下水资源的病毒污染已引起各国科学家的高度关注，在过去的几十年间已经进行了较多的研究工作。也有了一些有关病毒在土壤中迁移行为及其影响机理的文献报道。本文的主要目的是在对过去国内外的一些研究结果作一综述，重点探讨影响病毒在土壤中迁移的主要因素，包括（1）影响病毒迁移的水动力学因素；（2）病毒吸附机理及其影响因素；（3）影响病毒生存或死亡的因素。土壤物理性质的不均一性是导致微生物和非反应物质之间的迁移行为差异的主要因素。影响病毒在土壤中吸附和死亡的因素很多，比如：土壤类型、病毒类型、pH、离子强度和多价阳离子、有机质、温度、土壤含水量、微粒、微生物活动等，对它们的影响机理进行了一一描述和解释。在指示病毒的选择上，噬菌体（比如MS2、PRD1、ФX174）已经被广泛用来研究病毒在土柱和田间条件下的迁移行为，并认为它们比较吻合指示病毒所需的各种条件。根据上述综述资料，在文章的最后对病毒迁移的进一步研究提出了一些建议。

TRANSPORT OF VIRUSES IN THE SOIL: AN OVERVIEW

Pathogens such as bacteria and viruses are widely spread in septic tanks, sewage sludge, wastewater and other sources. Groundwater contamination with viruses has caused great concerns in various countries because viruses are much smaller in size than bacteria or protozoan cysts and not easy to be filtered out through the porous soil matrix. Many scientific studies have been conducted in the past decades and much information is available in the literature about virus transport in the subsurface and its mechanisms. The purpose of this study is to review the literature from China and foreign countries with a focus on factors that influence virus transport in the subsurface, which include (1) general hydrodynamic factors that may affect fate and transport of viruses, (2) factors influencing virus adsorption and their mechanisms, (3) factors influencing virus inactivation and their mech 2 anisms. Soil physical heterogeneity is one of the main factors that cause dissimilarities between microorganisms and conservative solute tracers in transport behavior. Factors such as soil type, virus type, pH, ionic strength and the multivalent cations, organic matter, temperature, soil moisture content, particulate matter and soil, and microbial activities have been found to influence virus adsorption and inactivation in the subsurface. Each influencing factor is described and explained in detail. As for selection of indicator viruses, bacteriophages such as MS2, PRD1, and ΦX174 have been used extensively to study virus transport in columns and fields various in conditions and are considered to meet the requirements as indicator viruses. Based on the review, recommendations are made for future research activities.