黄土高原退耕还林工程对生态环境的影响及对策建议

基于西北地区水土流失和生态环境问题日益严重,为了再造一个山川秀美的西北地区,1999年我国实施了浩大的退耕还林工程。文章分析了黄土高原自新石器时代以来气候变迁和农耕文明前后人类活动对生态环境的影响,造成气候和植被带的南移以及农业和畜牧业发展带来的破坏,指出退耕还林工程实施以来对植被恢复、土地资源的合理利用和区域气候改善都起到了显著的成效,但仍存在水资源需求增加,承载力不足、耕地面积减少,短期内粮食产量下降、政策可持续性等问题,提出因地制宜,选择合适树种,利用节水措施以缓解水资源问题,基于生态、经济、社会价值最大化进一步优化土地配置,从工程后续的管理和维护上入手,提供合理的经济补偿,巩固已有的成果等建议,为以后更好推进退耕还林工程实施起到指导作用。

Impacts and Advice of the Grain for Green Project to Ecological Environment on the Loess Plateau

China has implemented the Grain for Green Project since 1999 for reconstructing a graceful northwest region based on serious water and soil loss as well as deteriorative ecological environment of this area.We analyze the impacts on what climate and vegetation zone moved toward south and the damage of the agriculture and animal husbandry development from climate change of the neolithic age and the human activities before and after the agricultural civilization to ecological environment on the Loess Plateau,and point out vegetation cover,the optimization of land resources and region climate have gained remarkable benefits since implementation of the Grain for Green.Meanwhile,it indicates some problems about the increase in water resources demand,the fall in crop production due to decrease of farmland and policy sustainability,and pro poses adjusting measures to local conditions,selecting the appropriate tree species and utilizing water-saving measures to alleviate water resources problems,further optimizing the distribution of land based on ecological,economic and social maximization,providing the reasonable economic compensation and consolidating the results with respect to follow-up engineering management and maintenance in order to provide some guiding functions to further boost the implementation of the Grain for Green Project.