生态农业景观与生物多样性保护及生态服务维持*

现代集约化的农业生产极大地改变农业景观生物多样性状况及生态系统服务功能,进而影响到农业可持续发展。大量研究显示,农业生态系统中物种多样性维持、害虫控制、传花授粉等生态系统服务功能受到景观结构的影响,仅仅改变集约化的生产方式,并不足以促进生物多样性的恢复及生态系统服务的维持,尚需考虑景观结构的调整和管理。从不同尺度上优化景观要素的空间配置和景观管理方式、建设生态农业景观成为促进农业景观生态系统服务功能维持、保护生物多样性和农业可持续发展的重要措施,具体包括:1)在区域和景观尺度上合理规划和配置种植区域和非种植区域以确保生态安全与稳定性;2)在地块间尺度保护、建设和管理甲虫带、野花带等生态设施,为农业生产提供必要生态系统服务;3)在地块内尺度通过多样化的种植和优化管理措施以获取农业生产和自然保护之间的平衡;4)整合景观规划设计与生态循环工程以促进农业景观资源的高效利用。

Ecoagricultural landscape for biodiversity conservation andecological service maintenance

Loss of biodiversity and associated ecological services in agricultural landscape caused by intensive agricultural production have greatly threatened the sustainable agricultural development. Landscape management, together with less intensive practices such as organic agricultural production, should be carefully considered when developing strategies for biodiversity and ecological service restorations as landscape structures have potential strong effects on ecosystem services such as the biodiversity maintenance, natural pest control, pollination, etc. Ecoagricultural landscapes, which was characterized by optimized landscape configuration and management at different scale, could be designed and managed to improve the ecological services and agricultural sustainability. Potential measures of ecoagricultural landscapes were put forward as follows: 1) configurating crop and non-crop area properly at regional and landscape level to ensure ecological security and stability; 2) designing and constructing ecological infrastructure (such as beetle-bank and wildflowers belts) for essential ecological services at the between-field scale; 3) applying diversified planting and optimized farming practices at the field scale to reconcile agricultural production and nature conservation, and 4) integrating landscape planning with eco-cycle engineering to ensure efficient utilization of agricultural resources.