耕地流转胁迫下农户生计多元化选择与可持续性水平——基于重庆市合川区188户的调查数据

农户生计资源重组是在耕地流转胁迫下对经济机会的反馈响应。基于重庆市合川区川柠柠檬示范园188户耕地流转农户及其394块流转耕地地块的调查数据，分析了流转农户劳动力特征和流转耕地的数量、质量及耕作半径特征，进而剖析耕地流转后农户多元化生计选择策略，并基于可持续生计框架，从生计资本、生计策略和生计成果3方面构建农户生计可持续性评价指标体系，采用自然资本、物质资本、人力资本、金融资本、社会资本、生计多样化指数、收入多样化指数、非农化水平及家庭纯收入指标，对农户生计可持续性水平进行评价。结果表明：1）耕地流转致使农户自然资本严重减少，家庭生计结构由农业主导型向非农主导型转变，生计种类显著增加，趋于多元化。2）耕地流转后，农户生计资本总指数增加，且农户生计资本属性间及各类型农户间的增长率存在分异。耕地流转导致5大资本失调，生计资本耦合协调度降低。3）不同类型农户生计可持续水平在流转后得到不同程度的提升，提升强度从大到小表现为非农主导型农户>农业主导型农户>非农型农户>纯农型农户。总之，农户在家庭承包耕地流转的内部冲击下，生计资本得以重组，致使农户生计的分化与转型，而多元化生计有助于农户生计的可持续发展。

Livelihood diversification of farmers and its sustainability level driven by land transfer: Based on the survey data of 188 households in Hechuan District in Chongqing

Farmers'' livelihood resource reorganization is a response to economic opportunities driven by land transfer. In order to analysis changes of livelihood and its'' sustainability before and after cultivated land transformation, the characteristics of both labor force of land transfer farmers and the quantity, quality and tillage radius of transferred cultivated land were analyzed based on questionnaire survey of 188 farmers and 394 cultivated land plots in Chuanning Lemon Demonstration Park, Hechuan District, Chongqing. Based on the sustainable livelihood framework, the evaluation index system of farmers'' livelihood sustainability was constructed according to livelihood capital, livelihood strategy and livelihood outcome. Livelihood capital included natural capital, material capital, human capital, financial capital and social capital. Livelihood strategies referred to livelihood diversification index, income diversification index and non-agricultural level indicators. And the livelihood outcomes were replaced by farmers'' net income indicators. The results showed that:1) due to the transfer of cultivated land, farmers'' natural capital was seriously reduced and family livelihood structure was changed from agricultural predominance type to non-agricultural predominance type. Thus farmers'' livelihoods became diversified gradually with increased strategies of farmers'' livelihoods, and migrant work dominating livelihood structure. 2) The indexes of material capital, human capital, financial capital, social capital and the comprehensive index of livelihood capital increased after cultivated land transfer. But differences in growth rate among the farmer''s livelihood capital attributes and farmers types existed. The human capital of pure agricultural farmer households decreased slightly (the growth rate was -0.15%), while the human capital of the other three types of farmers was increased, among which the growth rate of non-agricultural dominant farmers (4.90%) was the largest. In terms of natural capital, the reduction rate of non-agricultural farmer households (36.73%) was the highest, and that of pure agricultural farmer households (14.91%) was the smallest. On the other hand, the coupling coordination degree of livelihood capital of various types of farmers reduced to varying degrees, among which non-agricultural farmers household changed greatest. 3) Farmers'' livelihood buffer capacity was improved, livelihood stability enhanced, livelihood output increased, and the sustainable level of farmers'' livelihood was improved overall after cultivated land transfer. The growth rate order of sustainability of farmer''s livelihood was non-agricultural predominance farmer households > agricultural predominance farmer households > non-agricultural households > pure-agricultural farmer households. The sustainable level of farmers'' livelihood could be restructured, influenced by cultivated land transformation. The change of livelihood capital resulted in the diversification and transformation of farmers'' livelihoods, and also contributed to the sustainable development of farmers'' livelihoods.