施肥对青岛市设施蔬菜产量、净产值及土壤环境的影响

为进一步提高设施蔬菜的施肥效率, 减少肥料成本和对环境的污染, 对青岛市设施蔬菜施肥状况及其对产量、净产值和土壤环境的影响进行了研究。结果表明, 设施黄瓜和番茄氮、磷、钾肥施用均明显过量。黄瓜N、P₂O₅、K₂O年施用量分别为1 841.5 kg·hm^-2、864.0 kg·hm^-2和1 978.7 kg·hm^-2, 番茄N、P₂O₅、K₂O年施用量分别为1 436.7 kg·hm^-2、833.6 kg·hm^-2和1 643.7 kg·hm^-2。施肥中有机/无机肥料养分比例较为合理, 重视了有机肥的施用。年度施用N、P₂O₅、K₂O量及其总量对年度蔬菜产量、净产值有明显影响, 存在着线性方程关系。随着年度施氮量的增加, 土壤NO₃^--N含量明显增加, 31.4%的农户设施蔬菜田土壤NO₃^--N含量居高和较高水平。土壤速效磷含量随年度施磷量的增加而增加, 74.3%的农户设施蔬菜田土壤速效磷为高水平。68.6%的农户设施蔬菜田土壤为酸性和微酸性, 有向酸性发展的趋势。生产中应适量减少氮、磷和钾肥投入, 推广测土配方施肥、水肥一体化、秸秆生物处理等技术, 促进青岛市设施蔬菜生产的可持续发展。

Effect of fertilization on yield, net income and soil environment in Qingdao protected vegetable production systems

To increase fertilizer use efficiency, reduce fertilizer cost and limit environmental pollution by fertilization, the study on effects of fertilizer application on yield, net income and soil environment in protected vegetable production systems in Qingdao were conducted. The study showed that excessive use of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers in tomato and cucumber fields, with N, P₂O₅ and K₂O average annual application rates of 1 841.5 kg·hm^-2, 864.0 kg·hm^-2 and 1 978.7 kg·hm^-2 for cucumber; and 1 436.7 kg·hm^-2, 833.6 kg·hm^-2 and 1 643.7 kg·hm^-2 for tomato, respectively. Organic manure and chemical fertilizers were applied at relatively reasonable rates, suggesting that much attention had been paid to the use of organic manure. Annual N, P₂O₅ and K₂O application rates had significant effects on annual yield and net income. Linear equations adequately explained the relationships of yield, net income with fertilizer application rate in the region. Soil nitrate-N content increased with increasing annual application rate of N. The protected vegetable fields of 31.4% farmer household had high or relatively high nitrate-N contents. Soil available P also increased with increasing annual P₂O₅ application rate. Similarly, 74.3% farmer household' protected vegetable fields had high soil available P content. Protected vegetable soils apparently acidified, 68.6% farmer household' protected vegetable field soil was acid or subacid, showing acidifying tendency. The results suggested that N, P₂O₅ and K₂O application rates should drop. Also new techniques such as computerized fertilization, integrated water-fertilizer managements, bacteria treated straws, soil straw return, etc., should be popularized to ensure the development of sustainable protected vegetable production in Qingdao.