基于Hybrid-maize模型的吉林省不同生态区 玉米产量潜力研究

为挖掘玉米产量潜力,进一步提升玉米综合生产能力,利用在东北地区已验证的Hybrid-maize模型及多年气象数据对吉林省不同生态类型区东部湿润生态区(桦甸)、中部半湿润生态区(公主岭)、西部半干旱生态区(乾安)]不同品种、播期和密度及其相互组合下的玉米产量潜力进行模拟,并对影响玉米高产稳产的因素进行定量分析,同时考虑产量潜力变异情况及品种本身的生产特性,构建了吉林省不同生态区玉米高产体系。研究结果表明:1)改变播期是一项重要的增产措施,不同生态区的表现不同,湿润区应选择早播,播种日期在4月20日左右较适宜,而半湿润和半干旱地区应尽量晚播,适宜播期应在5月中旬左右。2)不同生态区对密度的容纳能力表现为湿润区(桦甸)半湿润区(公主岭)半干旱区(乾安),3个地区的适宜密度分别为90 000株·hm~(-2)、80 000株·hm~(-2)和75 000株·hm~(-2)左右。3)选用生育期更长的品种表现出了较高的增产潜力,生产上应根据不同区域生态条件,尽量选择晚熟品种,在当前播期条件下半湿润和半干旱地区品种生育期内需要的有效生长积温(GDD)可增至1 600℃以上。4)与当前生产技术相比,将播期、密度、品种三者优化组合,高产体系长期平均产量潜力可增产14.39%~29.23%。本研究可为吉林省玉米高产措施的正确应用提供理论依据,为玉米产量大面积提升提供技术参考。

Analysis of yield potential of maize in different ecological regions in Jilin Province using Hybrid-maize model

AbstractJilin Province is an major maize production area in China and it significantly contributes to national food security. Because of limited cultivatable land and adjustment of planting structure, the potential to increase maize planting area in Jilin Province is limited. Future increase in maize yield will mainly rely on yield improvement per cultivated unit area. Thus fully promoting the potential of maize production and per unit area yield constitutes an effective way of comprehensively improving maize productivity in Jilin Province. In this study, the Hybrid-maize model validated in Northeast China and long-term meteorological data combined with results of experiments of different maize varieties, sowing dates and planting densities were used to simulate maize potential yield in different ecological regions humid region (Huadian), semi-humid region (Gongzhuling) and semi-arid ecological region (Qian’an)] in Jilin Province. At the same time, the driving factors of high and stable maize yield were analyzed based on potential yield variations and production characteristics of maize varieties. Finally, a high-yield system of maize was established. The main results of the study showed that: 1) Changing sowing date was a critical measure for yield increase. However, there were differences in performance among different ecological regions. Early sowing was required in humid region (Huadian), and the appropriate sowing date was about April 20. In contrast, late sowing was required in the other two ecological regions, with proper sowing times in mid-May. 2) The order of maize tolerance to high planting density for the different ecological regions in Jilin Province was: humid region (Huadian) > semi-humid region (Gongzhuling) > semi-arid region (Qian’an). The suitable densities in the three regions were 90 000, 80 000 and 75 000 plants·hm-2, respectively. 3) Variety with longer growth period had higher yield potential. In practice, late-maturing variety selection depended on different regional ecological conditions. In semi-humid and semi-arid regions, it was necessary to increase GDD varieties to over 1 600℃ under current sowing date conditions. 4) According to the above results, the comprehensively optimized management measure for high-yield system was established, and the simulated long-term average yield potential of high-yield system increased by 14.39%–29.23% compared with the current production system. The study provided theoretical basis for proper cultivation measures of high-yield crop varieties. It also provided technical reference for large-scale production of maize in Jilin Province.