紫胶玉米混农林模式对地表蚂蚁多样性及功能群的影响

为了揭示紫胶玉米混农林对地表蚂蚁群落多样性及功能群的影响,采用陷阱法调查了云南省绿春县紫胶林、紫胶玉米混农林和玉米旱地3种类型样地的地表蚂蚁物种组成、物种多样性、群落结构相似性、指示物种和功能群等。结果显示,紫胶玉米混农林模式具有较高的地表蚂蚁物种数和稀有物种数,与玉米旱地相比,紫胶玉米混农林的蚂蚁物种数增加41%,稀有物种数增加85%。紫胶玉米混农林与紫胶林具有更高的蚂蚁多样性,其物种丰富度和ACE估值均显著高于玉米旱地,而紫胶玉米混农林的多度显著高于紫胶林和玉米旱地。地表蚂蚁物种组合在3种类型样地中有差异,与紫胶林和紫胶玉米混农林相关联的物种与玉米旱地不同。3种样地的指示物种不同,玉米旱地的指示种为扁平虹臭蚁和伊大头蚁,紫胶玉米混农林为凹头臭蚁、西昌刺结蚁和中华小家蚁,紫胶林为费氏盘腹蚁、立毛举腹蚁、阿普特铺道蚁、贝卡盘腹蚁和西氏拟毛蚁。紫胶玉米混农林蚂蚁功能群组成比例介于玉米旱地和紫胶林之间,其中机会主义者(OPP)、从属弓背蚁族(SC)、隐蔽物种(C)及气候特化种(CS)的蚂蚁物种数、多度及比例明显高于玉米旱地。紫胶玉米混农林生境较为复杂,对地表蚂蚁多样性保护具有积极作用,是平衡环境保护和经济可持续发展的较好模式。

Effects of lac-corn agroforest ecosystem on ground-dwelling antdiversity and functional groups

The ecological consequences of the changes in ecosystem functions caused by land use change have attracted more attention in recent years. However, less study has focused on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function. Agroforest ecosystem is the combination of agriculture and forestry for management purposes. As an important model, agroforestry has vital ecological benefits for land use substantial development. Agroforestry has been considered to support more species survival and higher biodiversity. Lac insects (Kerria spp.) as well as their excrement are important resource insects widely used in many fields including food, medicine and military industry. Lac-corn agroforestry ecosystem is popular pattern of lac production in mountain areas of Southwest China where lac production accounts for a good fraction of the income of farmers’ households. However, there is less research on the functional groups of arthropods in lac-corn agroforestry. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are widely distributed in many terrestrial ecosystems. They can be used as indicator for evaluating environmental changes and ecosystem health because they are sensitive to disturbances in important functions of ecosystem. Studies have shown that functional groups constitute a useful method of predicting the response of ant communities to disturbances and environmental changes. This study determined the effects of lac-corn agroforest ecosystem on the diversity and functional groups of ground-dwelling ant communities and the role of lac-corn agroforestry ecosystem in ant diversity and ecosystem function protection. A research was conducted using pitfall traps on ground-dwelling ant communities in lac plantation, lac-corn agroforest ecosystem and cornfield in Lüchun County. A total of 11 781 individual ants were collected, belonging to 78 species, 37 genera and 7 sub-families. Lac-corn agroforest ecosystem had higher species and rare species numbers of ground-dwelling ant communities. In lac-corn agroforest ecosystem, the numbers species and rare species increased by 41% and 85%, respectively, compared with cornfield. Ant abundance in lac-corn agroforest ecosystem was significantly higher than that in lac plantation and cornfield. Ant abundance, ACE of ant in lac-corn agroforest ecosystem and lac plantation were significantly higher those of cornfield. Ant community structure of lac-corn agroforest ecosystem was similar to that of lac plantation, but dissimilar compared with cornfield. There were differences of species compositions and indicator species of the three sites. Paratrechina vividula and Pheidole yeensis were dominant species in cornfield, Aphaenogaster beccarii in lac plantation, and then Monomorium chinensis, M. orientale, Crematogaster rogenhoferi, Polyrhachis proxima and Cardiocondyla wroughtonii in lac-corn agroforest ecosystem were dominant species. Iridomyrmex anceps and P. yeensis were indicator species for cornfield, Dolichoderus incises, Lepisiota xichangensis and M. chinensis were indicator species for lac-corn agroforest ecosystem, and then A. feae, C. ferrarii, Tetramorium aptum, A. beccarii, and Pseudolasius silvestrii were indicator species for lac plantation. The proportions of different functional groups of ants in lac-corn agroforest ecosystem were in between lac plantation and cornfield. Species richness, abundance and proportions of Opportunists, Subordinate Camponotini, Cryptic Species and Climate Specialists in lac-corn agroforest ecosystem were higher than those in cornfield. Honeydew secretion by lac insects increased ant species richness and abundance in lac-corn agroforest ecosystem and lac plantation. Lac plantation and lac-corn agroforestry with more complex habitat supported more arthropods survival. Lac-corn agroforest ecosystem limited biodiversity loss caused by disturbances. It had positive effects on the protection of ground-dwelling ants and was a better sustainable development model for balancing the contradiction between environmental protection and economic development.