我国乡村生态系统的功能、问题及对策

当前，全国上下正在全力实施乡村振兴战略，积极推进乡村生态系统向前发展。本文从生态学、农业生态学角度，对我国乡村生态系统的主要功能、当前面临的突出问题，以及应采取的对策和措施进行探讨，以期为助力实施乡村振兴战略、推进乡村生态系统的可持续发展提供参考。我国乡村生态系统具有承载人口、改善环境、提供产品、增加收入、扩大就业、观光旅游、传承文化、科普教育、培养人才，以及为城市居民养老提供场所等多方面的作用与功能。当前，我国乡村生态系统尚存在多方面的问题与挑战，如：生态破坏、资源浪费、环境污染、自然灾害、经济贫困、科教文卫落后、公共服务缺失、社会风气不良、村民流失和村庄消失。为促进乡村振兴战略的实施，推进我国乡村生态系统可持续发展，应遵循"三效"并举原则、循序渐进原则、综合治理原则、因地制宜原则和久久为功原则，并采取以下措施：增强认识、搞好规划、整治环境、优化结构、提升功能、改善条件、强化公共服务、完善法律法规、加大投入力度和加速人才培养。

Functions, problems and countermeasures of China's rural ecosystems

At present, the whole country is fully implementing rural revitalization strategy and actively promoting rural ecosystems development in China. From the perspective of ecology and agroecology, this paper discussed the main functions of rural ecosystems in China, the outstanding problems faced at present, and the countermeasures and measures to be taken to provide references for promoting the implementation of the strategy of rural revitalization and the sustainable development of rural ecosystems. Rural ecosystem has multi-functions in China, including carrying capacity for population, improving environment, providing products, increasing farmers'' income, expanding employment and tourism, inheriting culture, popularizing science and technology, education of talents and providing places for urban aged residents. There are still many problems and challenges to rural ecosystems in China, including ecological destruc-tion, resource waste, environmental pollution, natural disasters, poverty, backward science and education, laggard culture and health, lack of public services, bad social morality, loss of villagers and demise of villages. In order to promote implementation strategy of rural revitalization and sustainable development of rural ecosystems in China, the principles of "tri-effects", gradual progress, comprehensive governance, adaptation to local conditions and long-term success should be followed. Eventually, the following measures were suggested:1) enhancing awareness; 2) planning well; 3) improving environment; 4) optimizing ecological structure; 5) improving ecological functions; 6) improving ecological conditions; 7) strengthening public services; 8) improving laws and regulations; 9) improving great investment; 10) accelerating personnel training.