黑河中游不同生计方式农户的水足迹分析

水资源紧缺问题是21世纪人类面临的最严峻生态环境问题之一,当前急需探寻影响水资源利用的关键因素,建立低水消费模式。生计方式作为影响家庭水资源消费的关键要素已得到关注。本文基于农户调查数据,利用水足迹估算模型,核算黑河流域中游不同生计方式农户的水足迹,并采用最小二乘法分析了生计方式对水足迹的影响。结果表明:①黑河中游农户的人均水足迹为145.87 m3,随着非农化水平的提高,农户的人均水足迹下降,其中,纯农户、兼业户和非农户的人均水足迹分别为151.61 m3、148.08 m3和137.91 m3;②随着非农化水平的提高,黑河中游纯农户、兼业户、非农户的人均粮食消费占用水足迹比例依次降低,农户人均果蔬、清洁消费占用水足迹比例依次增高,兼业户的人均畜产品消费占用水足迹比例高于非农户和纯农户;③提高非农化水平和劳动力受教育水平可以减少水足迹,扩大家庭规模和农户人均纯收入会增加农户的水足迹,但水足迹的增加速度低于家庭规模和人均纯收入自身的增加速度。基于上述研究结果,提出了对黑河中游地区农村建立低水模式,提高水资源利用效率的对策建议。

Water footprint analysis of different livelihood strategies of farmersin the middle reaches of Heihe River

Water scarcity has become one of the most serious environmental problems for human survival in the 21st century. At present, there is the urgent need to explore the key factors that influencing water resources utilization and to build low water consumption strategies. Life style has received considerable attention as the key factor influencing water consumption. This article used data from peasant household investigation to run a water footprint estimation model. The model accounted water footprint of farmers with different livelihoods in the middle reaches of Heihe River. It also analyzed the impact of farmers' livelihood on water footprint using the Least Squares method. The results showed that per capita water footprint of farmers in the middle reaches of Heihe River was 145.87 m³. Per capita water footprints of pure farmers, multi-occupational farmers and non-agricultural farmers were 151.61 m³, 148.08 m³ and 137.91 m³, respectively. Per farmer water footprint dropped with the shift of farmers from agricultural to non-agricultural activities. With shift from agricultural to non-agricultural activities, the proportion of per capita water footprint for grain consumption decreased from pure farmers, multi-occupational farmers to non-agricultural farmers in the middle reaches of Heihe River. Water footprint ratio for fruits/vegetables and cleaning consumption increased in the farmer communities. Also water footprint ratio for animal product consumption of multi-occupational farmers was higher than those of non-agricultural and pure farmers. The improved education level of non-agricultural farmers and labors reduced water footprint and expanded family size/net per capita income increased water footprint. However, the rate of increase in water footprint was lower than that of family size and net per capita income. Based on the research results, comprehensive suggestions were put forward so as to establish low water use to improve water use efficiency in rural areas of the middle reaches of Heihe River.