中国农业水问题: 若干研究重点与讨论

农业用水是水资源的主要消耗方式,尤其在华北地区,因地表水资源不足,大量农田灌溉导致地下水超采现象严重;而社会经济的快速发展和气候变化加剧了水资源的不足。水循环过程是农业节水的科学基础。从水循环过程出发,开展水量转化研究,在农田水文过程界面加以调控,进行系统的节水研究,是节水研究的重点。重视水资源的科学管理,提高水分利用效率,建立节水农业的市场机制,促进节水设施建设;同时深入开展水循环的基础研究,充分利用非传统水资源,是解决我国农业水问题的有效途径。

Agricultural water issues in China - Discussions on research highlights

Agricultural water use is a major consuming way of water resources, especially in the North China where irrigation has induced severe over-exploitation of groundwater as surface water systems are lacking. With rapid socio-economic development, shortage of water resources intensified over the years. Water cycle remained the scientific basis of research on agricultural water-saving in China and around the globe. Clarifying water cycle and exploring transformation among precipitation, plant water, surface water, soil water and groundwater laid the critical bases for agricultural water-saving research. The core elements of agricultural water-saving research included the regulation and control of the interfaces of agricultural water processes such as soil- atmosphere, root-soil and vegetation-atmosphere interfaces. Researches on agricultural water-saving and systems engineering (which involved studies on rational utilization of water resources, water-saving technology, water-saving agricultural practices and water- saving management measures) ensured the realization of high-production, water-saving agriculture. The paper argued that among the effective ways, meeting agricultural water issues in China were paying more attention on scientific management of water resources, improving water use efficiency, establishing market mechanism for water-saving agriculture and promoting construction of water- saving facilities. Meanwhile, intensive research on water cycle and full utilization of inferior water resources were other vital ways easing water shortage in China.