人工生物土壤结皮特性及其集雨潜力的研究

为探讨在太行山半干旱区利用人工土壤生物结皮进行集雨的潜力和可行性,以自然生长的生物土壤结皮为种子,通过培育建立人工土壤生物结皮和生物结皮集雨,对人工土壤生物结皮建成后土壤物理性状、渗透率的变化及人工生物结皮集雨面的集流效率进行了研究。结果表明,人工土壤生物结皮与自然生长的生物结皮一样,可显著改变土壤的颗粒组成,使0~1 cm表层土壤的小颗粒物质含量增加、大颗粒物质减少,但对0~5 cm的土壤容重影响不显著。对土壤入渗速率的测定结果表明,人工培育的土壤生物结皮具有降低入渗速率的作用,与自然土壤相比,生物结皮的土壤初始入渗速率和稳定入渗速率分别下降59.1%和44.4%,达到稳定入渗的加水量也减少50.0%。人工营建的生物结皮集雨面的平均集雨效率达60.86%,与自然土面相比,提高23.0%。对集雨面效益分析表明,生物结皮集雨面不仅具有较高的集雨效果,且使用年限较长,并具有明显的减少地表径流沉积物含量,提高土壤抗蚀性的作用。综上结果可以看出,人工土壤生物结皮是一种极具潜力的绿色环保型集雨材料。

Artificial biological soil crust property and potential for rainwater harvest

It is important to collect limited rainwater for agricultural and domestic use in arid and semiarid areas. Rainwater harvesting systems used for collection, storage and purification of rainwater are critical for rainwater utilization. Materials used in building the surfaces of rainwater harvesting plots determine the efficiency of rainwater harvesting system as they affect the hydrological characteristics of the plot surfaces. This paper discussed the potential and feasibility of artificially cultivated biological soil crusts (BSCs) as surface materials of rainwater harvesting plots. It investigated the effects of artificial BSCs on soil physical properties and infiltration and also on the efficiency of rainwater harvest. The results showed that the surface soil (0~1 cm) with artificial BSCs contained more tiny particles and less coarse particles than natural soil. However, no significant difference was noted in bulk density of 0~5 cm soil between artificial BSCs and natural soil. Infiltration rate decreased under artificial BSCs. Initial and stable infiltration rates as well as stable infiltration water volume of BSCs decreased by 59.1%, 44.4% and 50.0%, respectively. The investigation based on rainwater harvesting plots established on 30° slope loamy soil mountain showed that BSCs rainwater runoff efficiency increased. The average runoff efficiency of BSCs rainwater harvesting plot was 60.86% during six runoff events in May to August 2005. BSCs rainwater harvesting plot increased runoff efficiency over that of natural soil by 23.0%. Benefit analysis showed that BSCs not only increased runoff efficiency, but also longer-lasting with significantly less runoff sediment. BSCs were therefore recommended as potential green materials for rainwater harvest.