耕作和施肥方式对土壤水分及饲用玉米产量的影响

为探究耕作和施肥方式对西北半干旱区饲用玉米(Zea may L.)土壤水分和产量的影响,以饲用玉米陇饲1号为材料,设置传统旋耕、立式深旋耕2种耕作方式以及单施化肥、有机肥替代化肥2种施肥方式组合,共4个处理,研究不同的耕作和施肥方式对饲用玉米土壤贮水量、花前花后耗水量、单株鲜重和干重以及产量的影响。结果表明,与传统旋耕相比,立式深旋耕能够降低饲用玉米0~300 cm土层土壤贮水量,提高花前耗水量,降低花后耗水量,增加生育期总耗水量,而有机肥替代化肥能够降低立式深旋耕方式下土壤总耗水量;立式深旋耕使成熟期单株干重增加1.3%~10.6%,单株鲜重增加4.9%~21.9%,而且不同程度增加了饲用玉米株高、穗长、穗粗、行粒数、百粒重、双穗率,降低了秃顶长,以上指标的变化均有利于高产试验形成。3年试验中立式深旋耕化肥处理较其他处理的籽粒产量增加1.8%~38.6%,丰水年生物量增加1.2%~15.1%,立式深旋耕有机肥处理较其他处理提高了干旱年生物量4.9%~21.9%、籽粒产量水分利用效率6.3%~34.8%、生物量水分利用效率7.1%~21.5%。综上,立式深旋耕能够改善作物生长土壤环境,有利于饲用玉米对土壤水分的吸收以及干物质量的积累,其组合化肥处理可以增加饲用玉米籽粒产量和丰水年生物量,组合有机肥替代处理可增加干旱年饲用玉米生物量和水分利用效率。本研究为西北半干旱区饲用玉米高产高效可持续生产提供了理论依据。

Effects of Tillage and Fertilization on Soil Moisture and Yields of Forage Maize

Field experiments were conducted to explore the effects of tillage and fertilization on soil moisture and yields of forage maize (Zea may L.) in the semi-arid area of Northwest China. Taken forage maize Longsi 1 as the experimental material, four treatments were designed, including two tillage methods of traditional rotary tillage and vertical rotary subsoiling tillage and two fertilization methods of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer application, to investigate the effects of difference tillage and fertilization methods on soil water storage, water consumption before and after flowering, fresh and dry weight per plant, yield and water use efficiency of forage maize. The results showed that, compared with traditional tillage (T), vertical rotary subsoiling (VT) decreased 0-300 cm soil water storage, and water consumption after flowering, while increased water consumption before flowering, reduced the water consumption after flowering, and increase the total water consumption during the growth period. Organic substitution decreased the total water consumption of VT appreciably. Besides, VT increased dry- and fresh-weight per plant by 1.3%-10.6% and 4.9%-21.9%, respectively, at maturity. Plant height, ear length, ear diameter, grain number per row, 100-grain weight and double ear rate of forage maize also increased at various levels by VT, whereas bald head length decreased significantly. Compared with VT and chemical fertilizer (VTC), VTO increased grain yield by 1.8%-38.6%, and biomass yields by 1.2%-15.1% in wet years. VTO increased biomass yields by 4.9%-21.9%, WUE based on grain yield by 6.3%-34.8% and WUE based on biomass yield by 7.1%-21.5%, respectively, compared with other treatments in dry years. The results demonstrate that vertical rotary subsoiling tillage combined with organic fertilizer replacement technology can improve soil environment for crop growth, promote dry matter accumulation, enhance forage maize grain and biomass yields in wet years, and significantly increase biomass and water use efficiency (WUE) in dry years. The study provides a theoretical basis for high yield and high efficiency of forage maize in the semi-arid area of Northwest China.