施氮和接种根瘤菌对红壤旱地花生生长及氮素累积的影响

为探讨南方红壤旱地施氮和接种根瘤菌对花生生长和氮素累积的影响,以花生品种粤油256为材料,采用田间随机区组试验,设置9个处理:不施氮肥(N0)、50%施氮量(N_(50%))、75%施氮量(N75%)、100%施氮量(N_(100%),当地习惯施氮量135 kg·hm~(-2))、125%施氮量(N_(125%))、150%施氮量(N_(150%))、50%施氮量+接种根瘤菌(N_(50%)+RI)、75%施氮量+接种根瘤菌(N_(75%)+RI)、100%施氮量+接种根瘤菌(N_(100%)+RI),研究花生的生长发育状况、产量提升水平、氮素累积特征及氮肥利用效率。结果表明,在红壤旱地上适量施氮会促进花生生长,过量施氮会产生不利影响。单施氮肥时的增产幅度在9.8%~13.5%之间,以N75%的产量最高,为4 651.0 kg·hm~(-2)。合理施氮配合接种根瘤菌对花生的生长发育促进明显,所有处理中以N75%+RI的产量最高,达到5 169.1 kg·hm~(-2),但施氮不足(N_(50%))时接种根瘤菌的效果微弱。所有处理的花生氮素累积均可用Logistic方程拟合,适量施氮(≤N75%)可以提高花生氮素累积的最大速率vmax,使之出现时间tmax略有提前,但氮素快速累积的持续时间Δt较短;过量施氮(N100%)会使Δt过长,v_(max)降低、t_(max)推迟;而适量施氮配合接种根瘤菌处理的v_(max)较高,tmax出现时间及Δt时长适中。所有处理中以N75%+RI的氮肥农学利用率和吸收利用率最高,其氮肥偏生产力和生理利用率也较高,因此,本试验条件下以施氮101.25 kg·hm~(-2)(N75%)配合接种根瘤菌的效果最佳。本研究结果为我国南方红壤区花生的高产高效种植、科学合理施肥提供了理论依据。

Effects of Nitrogen Application and Rhizobia Inoculation on Peanut Growth and Nitrogen Accumulation in Red Soil Upland

In order to discuss the effects of nitrogen (N) application and rhizobia inoculation on peanut growth and N accumulation in red soil upland,a randomized block experiment was carried out to study growth and development status,yield promotion level,N accumulation characteristic and N use efficiency of Yueyou256 through different treatments,which were no N fertilizer (N0),50％ N (N50％),75％ N (N75％),100％ N (N10o％,traditional local N application amount of 135 kg·hm-2),125％ N (N125％),150％ N (N150％),50％ N with rhizobia inoculation (N50％ + RI),75％ N with rhizobia inoculation (N75％ + RI),and 100％ N with rhizobia inoculation (N100％ + RI).The results showed that appropriate N application would promote the growth of peanut,while excessive N would be adverse.The increasing in yield were 9.8％ ～ 13.5％ under single application of N treatments,and the yield reached maximum under N75％ treatment,which was 4651.0 kg·hm-2.The growth and development of peanut were promoted significantly under appropriate N application amount with rhizobia inoculation.The highest yield was 5169.1 kg· hm-2 under N75％ + RI treatment,and it increased by 26.1％ compared with N0 treatment,however,the effect was quite weak under N50％ + RI treatment.The N accumulation of peanut among all treatments could be described by Logistic equation.Appropriate N application (≤ N75％) would accelerate the maximal speed of N accumulation (vmax),and the time reached maximal speed of N accumulation (t,max) would be advanced slightly,but the duration of N rapid accumulation (△t) was relatively short.In addition,△t would be prolonged too much,vmax reduced and tmax reached too late under excessive N application (＞ N100℃) treatments.In contrast,the vmax was relatively high under appropriate N application with rhizobia inoculation treatments,and their tmax and △t were moderate.N agronomic efficiency and N recovery efficiency of N75℃ + RI treatment were highest among all treatments,and its N partial factor productivity and N physiological efficiency were quite high.In the case of rhizobia inoculation,the optimum application amount of N was 101.25 kg· hm-2(N75％) in this study.This research provides a theoretical basis for high yield and high efficiency cultivation,scientific and rational fertilization of peanut in red soil upland in South China.