Microbial biomass growth,following incorporation of biochars produced at 350 °C or 700 °C,in a silty-clay loam soil of high and low pH |
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| Institution: | 1. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100093, China;2. Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK;3. Udine University, Via delle Scienze 208, IT-33100 Udine, Italy;4. Centre for Bioimaging, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK;1. Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;2. Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;3. Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands;1. Tiantong National Field Observation Station for Forest Ecosystem, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, ECNU-UH Joint Translational Science and Technology Research Institute, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China;2. Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China;3. Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of Yangtze River Estuary, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China;4. Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin an 311300, China;5. School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD 4670, Australia;1. Department of Agriculture, Hazara University, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 21300, Pakistan;2. Institute of Soil Science, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, 46300, Pakistan;3. Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, 46300, Pakistan;4. Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China;5. Pest Warning and Quality Control of Pesticide, Lahore, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan;1. Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;2. NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia;1. State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China;2. College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China;3. College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China;1. Soil Biology and Molecular Ecology Group, School of Earth and Environment (M087) and UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009 (Australia);2. Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis (M010), The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009 (Australia);3. Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor (Malaysia) |
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| Abstract: | Biochar has been widely proposed as a soil amendment, with reports of benefits to soil physical, chemical and biological properties. To quantify the changes in soil microbial biomass and to understand the mechanisms involved, two biochars were prepared at 350 °C (BC350) and 700 °C (BC700) from Miscanthus giganteus, a C4 plant, naturally enriched with 13C. The biochars were added to soils of about pH 4 and 8, which were both sampled from a soil pH gradient of the same soil type. Isotopic (13C) techniques were used to investigate biochar C availability to the biomass. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the microbial colonization, and Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) to highlight structural changes at the surface of the biochars. After 90 days incubation, BC350 significantly increased the biomass C concentration relative to the controls in both the low (p < 0.05) and high pH soil (p < 0.01). It declined between day 90 and 180. The same trend occurred with soil microbial ATP. Overall, biomass C and ATP concentrations were closely correlated over all treatments (R2 = 0.87). This indicates that neither the biomass C, nor ATP analyses were affected by the biochars, unless, of course, they were both affected in the same way, which is highly unlikely. About 20% of microbial biomass 13C was derived from BC350 after 90 days of incubation in both low and high pH soils. However, less than 2% of biomass 13C was derived from BC700 in the high pH soil, showing very low biological availability of BC700. After 90 days of incubation, microbial colonization in the charsphere (defined here as the interface between soil and biochar) was more pronounced with the BC350 in the low pH soil. This was consistent with the biomass C and ATP results. The microbial colonization following biochar addition in our study was mainly attributed to biochar C availability and its large surface area. There was a close linear relationship between 13CO2 evolved and biomass 13C, suggesting that biochar mineralization is essentially a biological process. The interactions between non-living and living organic C forms, which are vital in terms of soil fertility and the global C cycle, may be favoured in the charsphere, which has unique properties, distinct from both the internal biochar and the bulk soil. |
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