大型真菌重金属富集能力与机制研究进展

部分大型真菌有媲美甚至超过超累积植物的重金属富集能力,如蛹虫草(Cordyceps militaris)对Zn富集浓度可达20 000mg·kg-1以上,因而在污染环境的生态修复方面有着重要的应用前景。本文综述了近年报道的部分大型真菌的重金属富集能力,分析了不同生长时期、生长部位对重金属的富集特性,并对不同品种做了对比分析。大型真菌对自身重金属富集能力的调控有多种机制,包括胞外聚合物沉淀、细胞壁吸附和细胞内吸收,进入细胞的重金属可通过螯合、转运或引起氧化胁迫应激等途径来降低对细胞的毒害。基于大型真菌重金属富集能力强的优势,本文提出了拓展应用的方向及对目前存在问题的若干对策,从而为国内这一方向的发展提供参考。

Capability and Mechanisms of Macrofungi in Heavy Metal Accumulation:A Review

Some macrofungi have the ability to accumulate heavy metals, which is comparable to hyper-accumulator plants. Cordyceps militaris can accumulate Zn up to 20000 mg·kg-1. Therefore, macrofungi have the potential to be used as an important bioremediation tool for heavy metals. In this review, we summarized the heavy metal resistant capacity of typical macrofungi and known relevant mechanisms. Generally, straw-decay fungi presented better capability for Cu, Ag and Cd enrichment than wood-decay fungi, while wood-decay fungi could accumulate Cr, Mg, Se and Pb. Different macrofungi species, different growth periods(mycelium and fruiting body)and different parts of fruiting body showed different capability for heavy metals accumulation. General mechanisms for heavy metals accumulation in macrofungi included extracellular precipitation in the forms of polymeric substances, cell wall adsorption and intracellular absorption. Macrofungi could also detoxify by chelating metal ions by metallothionein(MT), secreting antioxidant enzymes(SOD , CAT , POD) and degradating the misfolded proteins by ubiquitin- proteasome system(UPS). We also explored the potential of macrofungi in heavy metal remediation and pollution diagnostics as a biological indicator. Some macrofungi had been applied in the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils and water. Finally, some future research areas including strain breeding and genetic engineering were discussed, which might provide references for the future studies.