广西坡耕地主要经济作物施肥与养分径流流失初探

为研究广西坡耕地主要经济作物甘蔗、玉米和花生农民常规施肥及不施肥处理对植株生长情况、经济产量及养分径流流失的影响,探寻提高广西经济作物经济效益、减少成本、减少环境污染的最佳施肥量,在坡耕地,观测降雨过程的养分径流流失,运用SPSS统计分析软件对试验数据进行分析,寻找成本低、效益高的种植方法。结果表明,对照与常规施肥相比,甘蔗、玉米、花生作物的生长情况差异不明显。对照处理的玉米经济产量、生物产量、淀粉含量分别为851.42 kg·667 m-2、3 640.4 kg·667 m-2、68.40%;比玉米(常规施肥)高100.62 kg·667 m-2、485.98 kg·667 m-2、7.5%;花生对照的粗脂肪比其常规施肥高了45 g·kg-1;径流养分总氮、总磷、总钾、硝态氮、铵态氮径流流失总量最高的均是花生常规施肥,其次是甘蔗对照,最少的玉米对照。径流量与总氮、总磷、总钾、硝态氮、铵态氮的相关系数,常规施肥处理偏高于对照。玉米对照的养分径流流失总量最少;花生常规施肥养分径流率最大;玉米比花生更适合在广西肥沃的坡耕地中种植。

Fertilization and Run- off Loss of Nutrient of Major Economic Crops in Sloping Farmland of Guangxi Province,China

To seek the optimum fertilizion for improving economic efficiency of Guangxi crops,reducing costs of production and reducing environmental pollution,the effects of different fertilizer on growth, yield and nutrient runoff losses of major economic crops(sugarcane, maize and peanut)were studied in sloping farmland of Guangxi Province. Run-off loss of nutrient was determined in precipitation process in sloping farmland, cultivation methods of low cost and high efficiency were sought by using SPSS statistical analysis software. The results showed that there was not significant difference on growth of sugarcane(maize, peanut)between control and conventional fertilization. The economic output, biomass production, starch of maize in control were 851.42 kg·667 m-2, 3 640.40 kg·667 m-2, 68.40% respectively, which were higher 100.62 kg·667 m-2, 485.98 kg·667 m-2, 7.5% than those of maize in conventional fertilization. The fat of peanut(contrast)was higher 45 g· kg-1than those of conventional fertilization. The runoff loss of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, nitrate and ammonium nitro-gen was all the highest in peanut conventional fertilization, higher in sugar cane contrast, the least in maize contrast; Correlation coefficients between runoff and total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, nitrate and ammonium nitrogen, for the conventional fertilization were higher than that for the contrast of three crops. Total nutrient runoff losses of the maize contrast was the least, and nutrient runoff rate of the peanut conventional fertilization was the largest. So maize was suitable for planting than peanut in sloping land of Guangxi Province.