农村环境污染识别方法与应用研究

本研究提出了基于农户分类的农村环境污染识别方法并用于实地研究。以经济活动类型、地理位置为基础,将农户分为典型种植户、典型养殖户、种养结合户、城郊农户4大类,并细划这4大类的污染类型,具体包括农户生活、农业种植、畜禽养殖、水产养殖、乡村旅游;识别各类型农户生产与生活全过程的污染源与污染强度,如单位面积化肥施用量、人均生活垃圾产生量等;统计区域内污染状况,通过估算污染源的贡献率,定量识别重点污染源与重点污染物;引入等标污染负荷率及水质指数,识别区域污染程度、主要污染类型。应用此方法在河北省曲周县进行实地研究,识别出曲周县重点污染物为TN,重点污染源为农业种植;农村环境引起的地表水TN污染指数为1.26,已经造成地表水TN超标;将曲周县10个乡镇污染类型分3类,种植养殖污染型、农业种植污染型和综合污染型。识别结果为有效控制不同区域农村环境污染提供必要的前提条件。

Identification Method of Rural Environmental Pollution and Its Application

This study proposed an identification method of rural environmental pollution based on the classification of rural households.According to the economic activities and geographical location,rural households were divided into four categories：planting,poultry cultivation,planting and cultivation combination,and suburb households.We classified the pollution into a range of types：household living,farming,poultry,aquaculture,and rural tourism pollution.Furthermore,we investigated the pollution sources and pollution intensity of each household category through their producing and living activities,which included collecting data on chemical fertilizer usage per unit area,solid waste per capita,etc.According to the pollution survey in a specific region,we estimated the contributions of the pollution sources and quantitatively identified the primary pollution sources and the dominant pollutants.Finally,we assessed the regional pollution level as well as the main pollution types by utilizing the equal standard pollution load rate and water quality index.We have assessed the rural environmental pollution in Quzhou county of the Hebei Province,which indicated that the major pollutant was TN,and agricultural planting was the key pollution source.The surface water pollution index of TN was 1.26 which was mainly contributed by rural environment pollution and had resulted in excessive TN in surface water in this region.The pollution in the ten towns of Quzhou was classified into three types：planting and cultivation combination pollution,planting pollution,and integrated pollution.The results of the identification provided the necessary preconditions for effectively controlling rural environmental pollution.