论水工治河与沿河生态系统可持续发展的相关性

治河治水是关系到构建和谐社会的头等大事,我国以前所建的河道型高坝水库无疑在防洪、灌溉、发电与航运等方面都发挥了很大作用,但同时也带来了一些负面影响,如移民和少水区的高坝下游断流,尤其以干旱和半干旱地区为甚,致使水库下游段的沿河生态系统发生劣变或崩溃。运用水利学和生态学的基本原理,在认真分析我国不同水资源区纯自然型河流运行特点及人为科学调控措施方面的特点、适应性、运行特征与其正、负面环境效应的基础上,指出要保持河道型高坝水库下游沿河生态系统的可持续发展,必须树立新的治河理念和采取符合当地实际情况的治河治水措施。河流的沿河生态系统可否持续发展,主要影响因素有水量、水质、边岸稳定性、生物多样性及人为干预的科学性等五大类,并提出六点科学建议,特别是突出了修建低坝群的“小水利”和全流域综合性科学管理措施的功效。

On Correlation of River Training Works and Sustainable Development of Ecosystem Along by the River

River training is of primary importance related to establishing harmonious society.In China,the reservoirs with high dams built on the channel in the past definitely had played a great role in flood control,irrigation,power generation and navigation,in the meanwhile,also had caused some negative effects,such as resettlement and depletion in the downstream of high dam where water is insufficient,especially more severe in the arid and semi-arid area,resulting in the ecosystem along the river in the downstream of the reservoir deteriorated and crumbled.The paper points out that it must build up a new idea of river training and adopt river training measures that tally with the actual local situation based on earnest analysis on the operational characteristic of pure natural rivers in different water resources regions in China,characteristic of operation and adaptability and positive and negative environmental effects by applying the rationale of hydraulics and ecology.The paper puts forward five factors of water quantity,water quality,bank stability,biodiversity and scientific human interference that mainly determine the sustainable development of the ecosystem along the river.It also puts forward six scientific suggestions,especially stressing on the efficiency of building small hydraulic works of low dams and integrated scientific management measures for the whole river basin.