新平冰糖橙果园营养水平与产量、品质状况系统分析

为全面了解云南省新平县冰糖橙果园营养与产量、品质水平现状,并为冰糖橙优质丰产栽培施肥技术提供理论依据,选择新平县主产冰糖橙乡镇22个典型果园,采集果实、春梢叶片和土壤等样品各105份,对果实内在品质指标和所有样品的矿质营养元素含量进行了系统检测分析,揭示新平冰糖橙产量、品质水平及其与营养状况的关系。结果表明,新平冰糖橙果园土壤大多为酸性红壤,pH值平均为5.73;土壤整体较为贫瘠,有机质缺乏占52%;土壤碱解N缺乏占96%,有效P、速效K含量缺乏和过量并存。叶片P、Zn、Mg含量普遍缺乏,其比例分别达95%、93%、60%,而叶片Cu、Mn、Fe和N含量过高,过量比例分别为93%、63%、51%和36%。新平冰糖橙果园整体产量低、品质较差,株产平均为23.1 kg,果实可食率为59.96%,可溶性固形物(TSS)、可滴定酸(TA)和Vc含量分别为10.13%、0.49%和40 mg·100 mL^-1,有较大提升空间。每生产1 t冰糖橙果实所需的N、P2O5、K2O分别为2.63~3.15、0.88~1.05、4.38~5.25 kg。土壤、叶片养分含量与产量、品质指标的相关性分析表明,土壤碱解氮含量与产量显著正相关,与Vc含量极显著正相关;土壤速效钾含量与TSS含量极显著正相关;叶片N含量与TSS含量呈显著负相关;叶片Mg含量与TSS含量,叶片Ca含量与果皮厚度,叶片Zn含量与TSS、Vc含量均呈极显著正相关。综上所述,新平冰糖橙果实品质低、果园间差异大,土壤与树体养分波动性较大,叶片缺Zn而Cu过量普遍,部分果园缺Mg而N过量,多数果园为酸性红壤导致养分易流失而贫瘠。因此,施肥管理上建议适当增加施肥次数,缓效氮肥代替速效氮肥,重视有机肥深施,针对性施用中微肥,尤其是Mg和Zn营养补充,为新平冰糖橙提质增效施肥管理提供理论依据与技术支持。

Study on the relationship between yield,fruit quality and nutrient level of Bingtang sweet orange(Citrus sinensis)orchards in Xinping county

The research systematically studied fruit quality and yield and nutrient status of Bingtang sweet orange(Citrus sinensis)orchards in Xinping county,Yunnan Province,in order to provide a theoretical basis for scientific and rational fertilization and improve the fruit quality and produce higher economic benefits 105 samples(including fruits,spring shoot leaves,and soil)were collected from 22 representative Bingtang sweet orange orchards of the main towns in Xinping county.The intrinsic quality index of the fruit and the mineral nutrient contents of all samples were measured and analyzed.Then the relationship between yield,quality and nutritional content of Bingtang sweet orange were analyzed.The results showed that most orchards were acidic soil,the average pH value was 5.73;the soil nutrient was generally poor,the deficiency percentages of soil organic matter(SOM)and available N(AN)were 52%and 96%,respectively;the deficiency of available P(AP)and available K(AK)contents coexisted with the excess.The leaf phosphorus(P)Zinc(Zn),and magnesium(Mg)contents were generally low,and the percentages in low level accounted for 95%,93%and 60%,respectively.The percentages of leaf copper(Cu),manganese(Mn),iron(Fe)and nitrogen(N)with high contents accounted for 93%,63%,51%and 36%,respectively.Bingtang sweet orange in Xinping county had a low yield and poor quality.The average yield per tree was 23.1 kg.The contents of total soluble solid(TSS),titratable acid(TA)and vitamin C(Vc)were 10.13%,0.49%and 40 mg·100 mL^-1,respectively.The amount of N,P2O5 and K2O required for per ton of Bingtang sweet orange fruit was 2.63~3.15 kg,0.88~1.05 kg,4.38~5.25 kg,respectively.The correlation analysis between nutrient content(soil and leaf)and yield,quality indicators showed that there was a significantly positive correlation between soil AN content and yield,and a highly significantly positive correlation with Vc content.There was a highly significantly positive correlation between soil AK content and TSS content.There was a highly significant negative correlation between leaf N content and TSS content.There was a highly positive significant correlation between leaf Mg content and TSS content,a highly positive significant correlation between leaf Ca content and peel thickness,a highly positive significantly correlation between leaf Zn content and TSS,Vc content.In summary,Bingtang sweet orange orchards in Xinping county has a low quality of fruit and great differences between the orchards in many aspects.The nutrient contents varied greatly for leaf and soil samples.Most orchards had leaf Zn deficiency and Cu excess,some orchards had leaf Mg deficiency and N excess.Most orchards were acid soil,soil fertility was poor and soil nutrients were easily lost.Thus,it is recommended to appropriately increase the frequency of fertilization,apply slow-release nitrogen fertilizer instead of fasteffective nitrogen fertilizer,and increase the depth of organic fertilizer application.Moreover,a supplement of middle and micro elements fertilizers is needed,especially for Mg and Zn.