基于多维特征组合的农村居民点布局分类

快速城市化背景下的农村居民点用地调整应加强对其空间布局的科学表征与分类研究。该文通过阐释农村居民点布局特征内涵及关键构成要素,构建了多维度特征评价指标体系及组合矩阵,并以北京市平谷区为例,分析了区域农村居民点布局特征及类型。结果表明:可从空间规模、形态及区位3个维度刻画农村居民点布局特征;平谷区农村居民点共划分为10种布局类型,以中等规模-形态一般规整-优势区位、中等规模-形态规整-优势区位为主。地形地貌等自然条件对农村居民点的规模特征起到基础性控制作用,而城镇辐射及交通等基础设施通达性进一步影响了农村居民点的空间状态。基于组合矩法综合多维度特征的农村居民点布局分类,可为村庄整治和布局调整提供指导。

Layout classification of rural settlement based on combination of multi-dimensional characteristics

Abstract: Under rapid urbanization, analyzing the spatial characteristics and pattern types are fundamental tasks of revealing the mechanism of formation, growth and transition of rural settlements, which are essential to make reasonable decisions for rural settlements consolidation activities. The existing researches mainly considered rural settlements size or configuration characteristics at national or provincial scale, which inevitably hided various problems in small regions and failed to provide explicit characteristics of current size, shape and location required with readjustment of rural settlements. Thus this paper firstly defined rural settlements pattern as the composition of various residential land parcels with number, size, shape, location and organization relationship characteristics. Based on the definition of spatial characteristics of rural settlements pattern and the main compositions, the indicators system and characteristic index model with geometric mean method for evaluating the spatial characteristics of rural settlements pattern were built from size, configuration and location three dimensions. Then a "3-3-2"combination matrix was designed to calculate types of rural settlements spatial pattern by dividing size characteristic index into 3 grades (i.e., small size, medium size and large size), configuration characteristic index into 3 grades (i.e., irregular, moderate irregular, regular), and location characteristic index into 2 grades as advantageous condition and disadvantageous condition. Thus in theoretical rural settlements pattern was concluded 18 types (i.e., 3×3×2=18) of characteristics discussed above. Finally, the paper took Pinggu district in Beijing as the study area, analyzed the spatial characteristics and types of rural settlements pattern, and recommended optimal directions for rural settlements development in the future.Results showed that rural settlements pattern had multi-dimensional characteristics, and the quantitatively analysis from spatial size, configuration and location reflected the current state of distributation. The combination matrix method effectively overcame the limitations that comprehensive evaluation method hided the variation of pattern's dimensional characteristics. The study showed that rural settlements in Pinggu existed great regional variations, which in size were larger in plain region, came next in semi-mountainous region, and were smaller in mountainous region. Additionally, some rural settlements in configuration confronted irregular and scattered problems, though in location most rural settlements presented the tendency of nearing regions with low altitude, roads, city and towns. Pinggu's rural settlements patterns were divided into 10 types, and mainly included "medium size-moderate regular configuration-advantageous location" and "medium size-regular configuration- advantageous location". The study proved that rural settlements patterns were both influenced by geographical factors and socio-economic factors, but they acted on different characteristics of the pattern. The geomorphic condition basically controlled the size characteristic of rural settlements, while the infrastructures like roads and the adjacent central towns (city) further influenced on their spatial configuration and location. Rural settlements consolidation was a complex program that needed to optimize the hierarchy system from macro perspective, and that also needed to diagnose detail problems about size, configuration and location characteristics at small scale. The study indicated that types of rural settlements pattern indicated by the combination matrix method efficiently reflected multi-dimensional information, which immediately provided guiding directions for rural settlements consolidation and spatial optimization practices.