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日光温室番茄不同空间尺度蒸散量变化及主控因子分析
引用本文:龚雪文,刘浩,孙景生,张昊,马筱建,王万宁.日光温室番茄不同空间尺度蒸散量变化及主控因子分析[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(8):166-175.
作者姓名:龚雪文  刘浩  孙景生  张昊  马筱建  王万宁
作者单位:1. 中国农业科学院农田灌溉研究所,农业部作物需水与调控重点开放实验室,新乡 453003;中国农业科学院研究生院,北京 100081;2. 中国农业科学院农田灌溉研究所,农业部作物需水与调控重点开放实验室,新乡 453003
基金项目:中央级科研院所基本科研业务费专项(中国农业科学院农田灌溉研究所)资助项目
摘    要:明确日光温室作物不同空间尺度蒸散量及变化规律是提高水分利用效率、实现农业水资源合理配置的关键。该文针对华北地区典型日光温室,于2015—2016年在中国农业科学院新乡综合试验基地,以滴灌番茄为研究对象,参考20 cm标准蒸发皿的累积蒸发量,设计充分灌溉和亏缺灌溉2种水平,研究不同水平下番茄叶片蒸腾、单株耗水(用茎流速率表征)和群体蒸散量的日变化和生育期变化,并采用通径分析法确定影响不同空间尺度蒸散量的主控因子。结果表明:叶片蒸腾和气孔导度随太阳辐射变化,峰值出现在10:00—14:00之间,移栽54~58 d后充分和亏缺处理的叶片蒸腾和气孔导度开始出现差异;充分和亏缺处理的单株耗水在晴天差异最大,阴雨天最小,且滞后太阳辐射约1 h;全生育期充分和亏缺处理的日群体蒸散量分别在0.32~6.65和0.15~5.91 mm/d之间变化,群体蒸散量在盛果期最大,占总耗水量的31.7%~34.7%。净辐射对叶片、单株和群体尺度的蒸腾量影响均显著,而水汽压差仅对单株和群体尺度蒸散量影响显著,估算日光温室番茄单株耗水和群体蒸散量时需考虑风速影响。水分胁迫条件下,考虑叶温变量可显著提高单株耗水和群体蒸散量的估算精度。研究可为不同空间尺度蒸散量转换方法的选择以及尺度提升理论模型的构建提供借鉴。

关 键 词:蒸散  蒸腾  通径分析  气孔导度  茎流速率
收稿时间:2016/8/1 0:00:00
修稿时间:2016/12/10 0:00:00

Variation of evapotranspiration in different spatial scales for solar greenhouse tomato and its controlling meteorological factors
Gong Xuewen,Liu Hao,Sun Jingsheng,Zhang Hao,Ma Xiaojian and Wang Wanning.Variation of evapotranspiration in different spatial scales for solar greenhouse tomato and its controlling meteorological factors[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2017,33(8):166-175.
Authors:Gong Xuewen  Liu Hao  Sun Jingsheng  Zhang Hao  Ma Xiaojian and Wang Wanning
Institution:1. Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, 453003, China; 2. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;,1. Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, 453003, China;,1. Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, 453003, China;,1. Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, 453003, China; 2. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;,1. Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, 453003, China; 2. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; and 1. Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, 453003, China; 2. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
Abstract:Knowledge of multi-scale evapotranspiration (ET) is the basis of increasing agricultural water use efficiency and realizing optimal water resources allocation. However, there is little information about the characteristics of multi-scale ET and the difference in the quantitative response of leaf and plant transpiration and farm-scale ET to the meteorological factors, especially for the solar greenhouse, which limits our understanding of agricultural water and energy cycles. In this study, the ET at different scales was investigated in solar greenhouse tomato and their main influential factors were analyzed. Experiments were carried out in a typical solar greenhouse to investigate variation in leaf and plant transpiration and farmland ET of drip-irrigated tomato under different water conditions in 2 continuous seasons. Field trials were conducted during the growing season from March to June, 2015 and 2016 at Xinxiang Comprehensive Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (35°9′N, 113°47′E, and an altitude of 78.7 m), located in Xinxiang, Henan province. Tomato was used in the experiment on a plot of 8.8 m2 (8.0 m long by 1.1 m wide) with 2 rows and 50 plants. There are 4 replications for each treatment. Tomato seedlings were transplanted on March 8th, 2015 and March 9th, 2016 respectively and irrigated with a drip irrigation system. Irrigation amount was determined based on the accumulated evaporation in 20 cm pan, and 2 treatments were designed with full irrigation and deficit irrigation. Leaf transpiration was measured with a photosynthesis system, plant transpiration (expressed as sap flow rate) measured by a sap flow meter and farm-scale ET measured by a weighing lysimeter. Besides, solar radiation, net radiation, relative humidity and air temperature inside the solar greenhouse were constantly monitored with an automatic weather station at 2.0 m height above ground level. And then the difference of quantitative response of leaf transpiration, plant transpiration and farm-scale ET to the meteorological factors was performed using the path analysis method. Results showed that leaf transpiration rate and stomatal conductance gradually increased with the increase in solar radiation, and reached their maximum values at 10:00–14:00, and then rapidly decreased with solar radiation. Difference in leaf transpiration rate between full irrigation and deficit irrigation appeared at 54-58 days after transplanting. Daily average of leaf transpiration rate in the full irrigation was 10.8% and 14.7% higher than that in deficit irrigation, respectively. Tomato sap flow rate changed with weather conditions, and the difference in plant transpiration between the full irrigation and deficit irrigation was the largest in the sunny day, and the smallest in rainy days, and the plant transpiration was related to solar radiation but lagged behind 1 hour. Daily average of leaf transpiration rate in the full irrigation was 54.8% and 41.2% higher than that in deficit irrigation, respectively in the 2 years. The daily farm-scale ET in the full irrigation and deficit irrigation ranged between 0.32-6.65 mm/d and 0.15-5.91 mm/d, respectively, over the whole growth stage, and the farm-scale evapotranspiration reached the maximum in the full fruit period, accounting for 31.7%-34.7% of the total ET. The path analysis of evapotranspiration at different scales and its controlling meteorological factors indicated that leaf transpiration rate, plant transpiration and farm-scale evapotranspiration could be characterized by the net solar radiation, and the vapor pressure deficit also had significant influence on the scale of individual plant and farmland scale. The influence of wind speed should be considered in estimating plant transpiration rate and farm-scale evapotranspiration. Besides, adding leaf temperature could significantly improve the estimation accuracy of plant transpiration and farm-scale evapotranspiration under the condition of deficit irrigation. This paper provides valuable information for constructing conversion methods and theoretic model at various spatio-temporal scales.
Keywords:evapotranspiration  transpiration  path analysis  stomatal conductance  sap flow rate
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