中国畜禽粪污资源化利用技术应用调研与发展分析

中国畜禽粪污资源化利用技术模式的选择和应用情况底数不清，缺乏系统研究。该研究采用问卷调研与实地测量相结合的方式，对中国190个县（市区）2 589个养殖场进行调研，并从畜禽粪污收集方式、粪污处理方式、粪肥还田利用情况等方面进行统计分析。结果表明，畜禽规模养殖场清粪方式以干清粪为主，占养殖场总数的89.40%；固体粪便处理普遍采用堆（沤）肥处理，占养殖场总数的89.44%，液体粪污处理主要采用厌氧发酵和贮存发酵等技术，分别占41.59%和39.09%，目前大部分规模养殖场粪污处理设施建设符合规范要求，但部分养殖场设施水平不高；粪污处理后还田是主要利用方向，利用粪肥的作物以水果蔬菜等经济作物为主，占比可达61.83%。总结分析了中国畜禽粪污资源化利用存在问题，提出中国畜禽粪污资源化利用亟需提升处理设施标准化水平，提高设施装备水平，同时还需引导养殖场按照种养平衡要求配套足够消纳土地，提高粪肥还田利用机械化水平。该研究可为畜禽粪污资源化利用科技创新、技术推广提供基础支撑，对于促进畜禽粪污资源化利用和农业绿色发展具有指导意义。

Survey and development analysis of resource utilization technology of livestock and poultry wastes in China

Various advanced technologies have been utilized to treat the livestock and poultry manure, and wastewater in the breeding industry in recent years. This study aims to better track the progress of the treatment and utilization of manure and wastewater. A nationwide survey was conducted from 2018 to 2020, covering 3 162 pig, cattle, and poultry farms. The technical pathway and facility construction were fully analyzed from the aspects of the collecting approaches, treatment technologies, and utilization of the farmland. The results show that the dry-dung cleaning was the main way for the manure and wastewater collection in most surveyed farms (89.40%), while the water flushing and deep-pit were frequently adopted in 6.27% and 2.70% of surveyed pig farms. Composting has been widely used for the treatment of solid feces, accounting for 89.44% among surveyed farms. 80.35% of the composting facilities cannot meet the requirement for manure maturity. Besides, the manure maturity depended mainly on the raw material and fermentation in the composting application. Anaerobic fermentation and storage technologies were mainly used in the treatment of wastewater. About 40% of the anaerobic fermentation tanks cannot meet the capacity requirements. Furthermore, the period of storage time should be longer than 6 months to kill all pathogens in storage treatment, but only 31.30% of surveyed farms met the requirement. 21.4% of surveyed farms that adopt the ectopic fermentation beds did not met the standard capacity requirements. Most treated manure and wastewater were used for the fertilizers for the farmland with fruits and vegetables, while the application to the farmland with grain crops was still low. The average dosages of land application of manure and wastewater were 48.3 and 130.5 t/hm2, respectively. The overall dosage using nitrogen demand was relatively higher than that of plant need, leading to water pollution. Meanwhile, manual fertilization was still the major treatment, compared with mechanical fertilization. A prediction was also made on the development trend of technology application of livestock and poultry manure. The guiding concept was shifted from pollution prevention to resource utilization from the perspective of the selection of technology for treatment and disposal. Some approaches were widely used in small and medium-sized breeding farms, such as compost, storage, and anaerobic fermentation for the nearby land application. But the selection of technical modes was still not very effective in some places, leading to some problems, such as high cost, low odor control, and harmless effect. Most of the farms were basically equipped with manure treatment and utilization facilities, particularly for the functions of seepage, rain, and overflow prevention. But some of the facilities cannot match the scale of breeding. The construction and operation of the facilities cannot be standardized on parts of farms. Mechanized fertilization was improved, in terms of manure returning to the field. But the general lacking was the tracking and monitoring of land for the risk of environmental pollution with excessive application of manure. Some recommendations were proposed to improve the treatment and utilization of livestock and poultry manure, and wastewater. The national standardization was considered for the construction of treatment facilities and farmland application, thereby developing the appropriate machinery for organic fertilizer application to farmland. The large-scale livestock and poultry farms can be guided to match the adequate farmland, according to the yields of manure and wastewater.