双热源半自动控温甜樱桃促成栽培系统设计与试验

为解决甜樱桃促成栽培产量和质量不稳定的问题,该研究根据甜樱桃促成栽培特点,研制了一种双热源半自动控温甜樱桃促成栽培系统。该系统以煤、柴为燃料的地炕式加热炉为补充加热方式,结合太阳能调控温度。通过与传统大棚比较,分析了该系统对甜樱桃栽培产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明:连续2 a应用甜樱桃促成栽培系统的大棚产量稳定在11 550 kg/hm2以上,优质果率超过80%,年经济效益比普通大棚高37%(2012年)和36%(2013年)。该系统采用半自动测控促成栽培环境,使环境因子的检测和报警实现自动化,明显降低了劳动强度,在甜樱桃促成栽培中推广应用,可取得显著经济效益。

Design and experiment of semi-automatic double-heat source forcing cultivation of temperature control for sweet cherry

Abstract: With the rapid development of sweet cherry forcing cultivation, low yield and poor quality issues have become increasingly prominent. For this reason, the semi-automatic double-heat source forcing cultivation system of temperature control was developed for sweet cherry forcing cultivation. The key improvement in this greenhouse is based on the best environment factors for sweet cherry growth and development. This system is composed of automatic monitor and recorder for chilling requirement, high plastic greenhouse, double-heat sources appliance, automatic monitor and recorder for temperature and humidity, alarm system for environmental factors and some temperature adjustment devices six parts. Compared with traditional plastic greenhouse for sweet cherry forcing culture, the semi-automatic double-heat source forcing cultivation system has three improvements: 1) chilling requirement selection and recording changed from manual to automatic method, which overcomes the difficult to accurately record chilling requirement in a short time and accurately monitor and calculate time of chilling requirement; 2) heat sources changed from sole solar energy to the coal-wood and solar complementary appliance in the automatic control system, making it easy to effectively and accurately control the internal temperature and humidity of the greenhouse, especially in successive cloudy weather or low temperature days; and 3) the semi-automatic double-heat source forcing cultivation system uses semi-automatic control system, automated detection and alarm environmental factors, avoiding the frequent access to greenhouses and errors caused by manual recording, and greatly reducing the labor intensity and improving the accuracy of environment in greenhouse. When the chilling requirement was higher than 1200 hours, the semi-automatic double-heat source forcing cultivation greenhouse would be covered with plastic film, enhancing its resistance against cold weather. In this way, the greenhouse with the improved system could effectively control environmental factors within it. This study confirmed that the greenhouse with the system of the improvements above could achieve good results for cherry cultivation and environment adjustment. The results showed that the yield of sweet cherry using the semi-automatic double-heat source forcing cultivation system increased to 11 550 kg/hm2 and above 80% the sweet cherries were high-quality fruits in continuous two years (in the year of 2012 and 2013). Flavor and external appearance of sweet cherries were also better than those from the conventional greenhouse. The proportion of cherry with cold injury and cracking fruits was decreased in the improved greenhouse compared with the conventional greenhouse. Application of this technology in facility cultivation for sweet cherry can remarkably increase economic and social benefits of farmers. Furthermore, because the ground heating furnace body and heating furnace funnel are connected with the soil in greenhouse with the improved system, the thermal storage characteristics was improved and thus it is easy to control temperature in the greenhouse. Therefore, the semi-automatic double-heat source forcing cultivation system is suitable for cherry cultivation and can be used widely for facility cultivation.