宽行垄作增强苗期淹水夏玉米光合和抗倒性提高产量

为探明苗期淹水夏玉米对不同种植方式的响应规律,在大田条件下,以先玉335为材料,设置传统平作和宽行垄作两种种植方式,分别进行正常水分处理(模拟不淹水年型)和淹水处理(模拟淹水年型),分析了传统平作和宽行垄作两种种植方式对苗期淹水夏玉米光合特性和抗倒性能以及产量的影响。结果表明:淹水年型下,宽行垄作功能叶SPAD值和光合速率恢复至不淹水年型水平与传统平作相比提前了10 d,宽行垄作与传统平作相比在淹水年型下可以快速改善夏玉米功能叶光合能力。淹水年型下,宽行垄作叶面积在淹水后15 d即可恢复至不淹水年型水平,而传统平作至淹水后30 d仍不能恢复至不淹水年型水平,宽行垄作与传统平作相比在淹水年型下提供了更大的绿色光合面积。淹水年型下,传统平作第3节间茎粗、刺穿强度和弯折强度等抗倒指标显著变差,两年平均值比不淹水年型分别降低了20.1%、16.1%和20.0%;宽行垄作第3节间抗倒指标在两种水分年型下差异不显著;同一水分年型下,两种种植方式抗倒性能差异不显著。淹水年型下,宽行垄作空秆率和千粒质量显著低于传统平作,两年平均值分别降低了21.5%和5.7%。传统平作淹水年型下穗粒数显著低于不淹水年型(P0.05),两年平均值降低了11.3%;宽行垄作在两种水分年型下穗粒数差异不显著,宽行垄作较传统平作可以获得相对稳定的穗粒数。与不淹水年型相比,淹水年型下传统平作和宽行垄作均显著减产(P0.05),两年减产平均值分别为1 349.6和547.3 kg/hm2,但无论淹水与否,宽行垄作产量均不低于传统平作;淹水年型下,传统平作减产率显著高于宽行垄作(P0.05),两年分别高14.1%和6.8%,宽行垄作稳产性更好。研究结果可以为涝害易发生地区夏玉米高产稳产栽培提供理论依据和技术支持。

Broad-row ridge culture improving photosynthetic characteristics and lodging resistance, and increasing yield of summer maize with waterlogging at seedlings stage

Abstract: To better understand the effects of broad-row ridge culture pattern on photosynthetic characteristics, lodging resistance and yield for summer maize waterlogged at seedlings stage, an experiment was conducted in the Institute of Agriculture Science in Funan County in 2013 and 2014. A summer maize cultivar, Xianyu-335, was selected as material in the field, and 4 treatments were designed including traditional culture without waterlogging (TW0), traditional culture with waterlogging (TW1), broad-row ridge culture without waterlogging (RW0) and broad-row ridge culture with waterlogging (RW1). The results showed that the date of SPAD (soil and plant analyzer development) value and photosynthesis rate of the maize functional leaf recovering to normal level under broad-row ridge culture was 10 days earlier than that under traditional culture in waterlogging year. Therefore, the photosynthetic capacity was more quickly meliorated under broad-row ridge culture than that under traditional culture when a flood occurred. The leaf area of maize recovered to normal level 15 days after waterlogging under broad-row ridge culture in waterlogging year, but couldn't recover to normal level even 30 days after waterlogging under traditional culture. Thus, a larger green photosynthetic leaf area was provided under broad-row ridge culture than under traditional culture when in waterlogging year. The lodging resistance indicators in the third internode of maize such as stem diameter, stalk rind penetration strength and bending property in waterlogging year were worse than those in normal years under traditional culture, with a reduction rate of 20.1%, 16.1% and 20.0%, respectively. There was no significant difference for the lodging resistance capability between the 2 treatments with or without waterlogging under broad-row ridge culture. The lodging resistance capability for the 2 planting patterns had no significant difference under the same water-type years. Collectively, the capability of lodging resistance under broad-row ridge culture was more reliable than that under traditional culture. Sterile plant rate and 1 000 grain weight under broad-row ridge culture were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those under traditional culture in waterlogging year, with a decline of 21.5% and 5.7%, respectively. The number of grains per ear in maize in waterlogging treatment was significantly (P<0.05) less than that in no-waterlogging treatment under traditional culture, with a two-year average reducing rate of 11.3%, but it had no significant difference between the 2 different water-type treatments under broad-row ridge culture. So, more stable number of grains per ear was gained under broad-row ridge culture. The yield in waterlogging year was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that in no-waterlogging year, with a reduction of 1349.6 and 547.3 kg/hm2 respectively for the 2 planting patterns, but the yield under broad-row ridge culture was not lower than that under traditional culture whether waterlogging or not. Therefore, a more stable yield was obtained under broad-row ridge culture in the areas liable to waterlogging. The research provides the reference for the high and stable yield theory and technology of summer maize in the areas liable to waterlogging.