基于无线传感器网络的橘小实蝇成虫监测系统设计与试验

为实现在橘园区域内及时、准确地监测橘小实蝇成虫数量及环境、气象变化，该文提出将无线传感器网络技术作为其信息感知和传输的载体，设计和开发了橘小实蝇成虫动态监测系统并部署于华南农业大学国家柑橘产业技术体系柑橘机械研究室试验橘园，包括10台橘小实蝇成虫监测节点、1台环境气象监测节点及1台WSN+GPRS型边际路由器。系统中各监测节点采用TinyOS操作系统，节点间通信遵循ZigBee协议，节点在待机和全功能模式消耗的电流分别为39.52～42.72 mA和92.21～95.32 mA，边际路由器在待机和数据收发工作状态消耗的平均电流分别为190和250 mA，与之相配置的太阳能供电模块的供电能力均能满足其能耗需求；开展了近5个月的数据包传输率试验，各节点丢包率控制在11.9%～20.8%，数据通信的稳定性与植被和气候条件等因素密切相关，合理部署节点天线高度可解决该问题。试验结果表明，系统可实现数据稳定传输，适合橘园橘小实蝇成虫的动态监测。

Experiment and development of monitoring system for Bactrocera Dorsalis (Hendel) based on wireless sensors network

Abstract: Bactrocera Dorsalis (Hendel) were invasive pests that were occurred frequently and were seriously harmful for fruit trees' growth and have been ranked an important quarantine object in many countries and regions. So far, the main prevention method for Bactrocera Dorsalis (Hendel) has been chemical pest control, which not only caused serious damages on the economic field but also brought on water and soil resources pollution, ecological system damages, damage to food security and its impact on human health, and a series of major problems. In order to detect the real-time number of Bactrocera Dorsalis (Hendel) and monitor the corresponding environmental information accurately in a large-scale orchard, a wireless sensor network was employed. The dynamic monitoring system included ten pest-sensor nodes, one environmental-sensor node, and one WSN+GPRS node, all of which were deployed in the national citrus industry experimental orchards at South China Agricultural University. TinyOS and ZigBee were applied as the operating system and the communication protocol respectively for all monitoring nodes. Mean current consumption for all monitor nodes ranged from 39.52 to 42.72 mA in standby mode and from 92.21 to 95.32 mA under full operating mode. Mean current consumption of the router was kept steadily around 190mA in standby mode, and rose to stay around 250mA under communications condition. The results showed that the solar powering module sufficiently met the system power requirements. The results of the five-month communication experiments indicated that the PLR of all monitor nodes obtained a stable range from 11.9% to 20.8%, which can meet the requirements for long-time monitoring, and the statistics of the PDR had a parabola curve distribution. It meant that the stability of communication was more correlated to crop canopies and atmospheric conditions according to the short-range radio signal propagation theory. It was highly recommended that the antennas be mounted to obtain a line-of-sight communication, if possible, to avoid signal attenuation and distortion introduced by crop canopies. In conclusion, the system achieved stable data transmission suitable for effective Bactrocera Dorsalis (Hendel) monitoring in a large-scale orchard.