采用碳水足迹评价中国与哈萨克斯坦大豆机械化生产模式

农业生产已进入机械化生产时代,定量评价作物机械化生产的环境影响、水资源消耗、生产效率等已成为迫切需要解决的问题。该研究以中国黑龙江垦区和哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图州的大豆机械化生产模式为例,从碳足迹、水足迹和产量3个方面对大豆的机械化进行分析与评价生产模式。研究结果表明:中国黑龙江垦区下属嫩江农场大豆机械化生产的碳足迹、水足迹和大豆产量分别为0.51 kg/kg、1.82 m3/hm2和2 875 kg/hm2,哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图州阿曼格迪农场分别为0.52 kg/kg、2.76 m3/hm2和2 000 kg/hm2。相较于嫩江农场,阿曼格迪农场大豆机械化生产的碳足迹高2.08%,水足迹高51.83%,大豆产量低30.43%。因此,阿曼格迪农场未来大豆机械化生产需以节水增产为重要发展目标。结合实际生产情况,更新与配套大豆机械化生产的各类农机具、推广节水灌溉技术、建立大豆机械化生产作业规范,有助于提升哈萨克斯坦大豆机械化生产水平。该研究可为多角度评价不同区域作物机械化生产模式提供案例参考。

Evaluation of soybean mechanization production mode in China and Kazakhstan using carbon and water footprint

Agricultural mechanization is closely related to the large-scale sustainable production of crops. An ever-increasing specialization is also crucial to the farm landscape and rural settlements in social communities. Therefore, it is highly urgent to comprehensively and quantitatively evaluate the production efficiency, environmental impact, and water consumption in the mechanized mode of crop production. As such, carbon and water footprints were frequently applied in the evaluation of the agricultural production. In this study, a systematic evaluation was performed on the mechanized production modes of soybean in China and Kazakhstan using carbon and water footprints. Two main areas of soybean production were selected as the research sites: One is the Nenjiang Farm (located at 48°07'' N, 125°50'' E) in the Heilongjiang Land Reclamation Area, China, and another is the Amangel''dy Farm (located at 44°57'' N, 78°04'' E) in the Almaty Region, Kazakhstan. Then, the carbon footprint, water footprint, and yield were used to analyze mechanized modes of soybean production from multiple perspectives. The Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventories in the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines were used to calculate the carbon footprint. A Cropwat 8.0 software from FAO was used for the water footprint. The meteorological data was obtained from the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia, and the soil hydraulic properties were from the High-Resolution Soil Hydraulic Properties Map of the World. The carbon footprint was calculated for the N2O emission from managed soil, and other emissions from agricultural inputs, including fertilizer, seeds, pesticides, diesel, and labor, all of which were converted into the CO2 equivalent. The water footprint was calculated for the consumption of indirect water from agricultural materials inputs, and the direct water consumption, including green, blue, and gray water. The results showed that the carbon footprint, water footprint, and yield were 0.51 kg/kg, 1.82 m3/hm2, and 2 875 kg/hm2 in China, and 0.52 kg/kg, 2.76 m3/hm2, and 2 000 kg/hm2 in Kazakhstan, respectively. The carbon footprint in the Amangel''dy Farm was 2.08 % higher, while the water footprint was 51.83 % higher, and the yield was 30.43 % lower, than that in the Nenjiang Farm. It infers that the mechanized mode of soybean production in the Nenjiang Farm was much better than that in the Amangel''dy Farm. In Almaty region, the efficiency of water consumption and yield can be considered as the future improvements in the mechanized mode of soybean production. Specifically, the carbon emissions of Amangel''dy Farm were significantly higher than those of Nenjiang Farm in the stage of soil preparation, while the emissions in the Nenjiang Farm were relatively higher in the sowing stage. The N2O emissions from managed soils in the Nenjiang Farm were much higher than those in the Amangel''dy Farm. The reason can be that more fertilizer was used in the Nenjiang Farm. In the water footprint of direct water consumption, the green water consumption in the Nenjiang Farm was significantly higher due to high precipitation, whereas, the blue water consumption was lower than that in the Amangel''dy Farm. In addition, diesel was the main source of indirect water consumption in two farms. Particularly in the actual practical situation, the water-saving irrigation technology and facilities or equipment were lacking in Kazakhstan, where lots of agricultural machinery were outdated unsuitable for soybean agronomy. The market of soybean seed in Kazakhstan lacked control, indicating incomplete conditions in the standardization of sowing, plant protection, and fertilization techniques. Therefore, the local government can effectively promote the water-saving irrigation technologies and equipment, to update the agricultural machinery, and thereby to establish operational norms for mechanized soybean production. This finding can provide a sound reference to evaluate the mechanized modes of crop production from multiple perspectives in different regions.