丘陵区土地流转与整治联动下的资源整合及价值变化

土地顺畅流转并带动各种资源高效整合和土地价值提升是农业产业化可持续发展的关键,该文以重庆市江津区慈云镇小园村和永兴镇黄庄村、旸岩村为研究区,将流转地块图件数据与农村经济统计数据、农户调查数据有机结合,采用收益还原法、市场价格法、机会成本法和影子工程法对耕地经济价值、社会价值、生态价值和发展权价值进行估算,探讨了土地流转与整治联动下土地分散小户经营与集中规模经营的资源整合及价值变化。结果表明:土地流转与整治联动下田块规模扩大、形状趋于规则、田面更加平整,农业基础设施体系完善。田块平均面积、平均形状指数和平整度指数的相对改善程度分别为38.19%、2.54%和30.95%,田间道路密度与沟渠密度指数的绝对改善程度分别达50和75 m/hm2以上;生产成本增加,但综合效率明显提高。土地流转后每公顷人工成本和农资成本分别高出流转前的1.58~24.84倍和1.22~8.04倍,而劳动生产率、土地产出率和资本产出率分别高出流转前的21.46~45.74倍、6.26~14.59倍和1.09~3.71倍,且总投入产出率均高于流转前的1.1倍以上;农业发展投资主体由一元化转为多元化。土地流转前农户自筹资金占100%,土地流转后自筹资金与政府投资占比分别介于24.53%~79.31%和20.69%~75.47%之间,且样区Q1和Q6分别引入了18%和13.54%的社会资金;经济价值与社会价值在土地流转后均提高2倍多,而生态价值降低,平均损失率达34.83%,价值结构不均衡在加剧。因此,在产业政策导向下整合各涉农部门资金集中进行田块规划和农业基础设施改造或续建,建立以土地整治为先导,在市场利益驱动和政府引导下农户自主或委托村集体实现农村土地承包经营权流转的新思路,既促进土地向专业大户、龙头企业、家庭农场顺畅流转,带动产业类型与经营模式双重转变,又有效整合土地、设施、资金、劳动力和农资等农业生产要素,发挥资源整合效率,还极大提升了土地综合价值。

Resources integration and change in land value affected by land transfer and consolidation of rural villages in hilly areas

Abstract: Smooth land transfer, more efficient integration of various resources, and increases of land value are the key of sustainable development of agricultural industry. Based on the land use map of transferred land parcels, rural economic statistics, and sample survey data from 239 households in Xiaoyuan village of Ciyun town and Huangzhuang village, Yangyan village of Yongxing town, Jiangjin district, Chongqing, China, we analyzed the changing features of resource integration and its efficiency from land of scattered small operation to concentrated large scale operation as affected by land transfer and consolidation in hilly areas. Then, economic, social, ecological, and development values of cultivated land before and after land transfer were also estimated by the value estimation methods including income method, market method, opportunity cost method and shadow engineering method. The results indicated that the continuous farm land area was enlarged, land patch shape tended to be more regular and land surface was more flat as a resulted of land transfer and land consolidation. Besides, the agricultural infrastructure system was significantly improved. The relative improvement of mean land patch size, mean land patch shape index and land surface relative elevation increased by 38.19%, 2.54% and 30.95%, respectively. On the other hand, the absolute improvement of rural road density and field irrigation ditch density were more than 50 m/hm² and 75 m/hm², respectively. Moreover, agricultural production costs were increased and the comprehensive resource use efficiency was greatly improved. The labor and material cost for agriculture production per hectare after land transfer were 1.58-24.84 times and 1.22-8.04 times more than before, but the labor, land as well as capital productivities were 21.46 - 45.74 times, 6.26-14.59 times and 1.09-3.71 times higher than those before land transfer. The total input-output ratio of agricultural production after land transfer was 1.1 times higher than before. Furthermore, the area of investment for developing agricultural industry changed from agriculture only to diversities. Self-raised funds from farmers before land transfer accounted for 100%, while the proportion of farmers' self-raised funds and government investment were respectively 24.53%-79.31% and 20.69%-75.47% after land transfer. In addition, funds by financial institutions invested in agricultural production accounted for 18% and 13.54% in the case study areas of Q1 and Q6. Last, both the economic output value and social guarantee value of cultivated land had a significant growth and increased by more than twice after land transfer, while the ecological service value of cultivated land all declined with the average loss rate of 34.83%. At the same time, cultivated land value structure became imbalance. The social guarantee value accounted for more than 45% before and after land transfer. The ecological service value and economic output value before land transfer were more or less equal at around 25% each, while the economic output value increased by two times and ecological service value sharply reduced to less than 10% after land transfer. Since the new idea that land consolidation goes ahead by integrating funds of various agricultural sectors to focus on land parcels planning and agricultural infrastructure construction under the agricultural industrial development policy, farmers' transfer of their cultivated land driven by the interests of the market or guided by the government was more favorable for land transfer in hilly areas. The effect of land transfer and land consolidation not only facilitated the transformation of farmer's contracted land to professional investors, leading enterprises and family farms, but also led to the conversion of agricultural business models and agricultural industry types. Thus, it promoted the integration of various resources efficiently (e.g., land resource, agricultural infrastructure resource, capital, labor, etc.) and improved the resources integration efficiency, resulting in a significant increase in land composite value. These findings in our study contributed to a better understanding of the effect of the land transfer and consolidation on development of agricultural industry, and also provided a reference for the overall adjustment of regional land-use planning policy and agricultural development policies.