马铃薯机械化收获技术与装备研究进展

中国马铃薯种植面积、总产量均居世界首位，机械化收获是马铃薯机械化生产中关键环节。目前，国内马铃薯机械化收获率较低，马铃薯收获装备是农机领域的短板弱项。该文分析了当前我国马铃薯机械化收获的发展现状、特点及制约因素，重点阐述了国内外马铃薯杀秧、减阻降耗挖掘、防堵限深控制、自动对垄作业、高效分离、低损收获、多功能行走底盘、人机交互等关键技术研究进展，分析对比中国和欧美、日韩等国家在马铃薯机械化收获装备上的差异，指出国内马铃薯机械化收获技术上的不足。针对国内马铃薯种植范围广、种植模式多样、丘陵山区小块地种植面积占比大的特点，提出分段收获和联合收获是国内马铃薯机械化收获的趋势，并对低损高效分离装置、卡脖子技术突破、农机农艺深度融合及政策导向进行展望，以期为中国马铃薯机械化收获技术进一步发展与研究提供借鉴。

Research progress on the technology and equipment for potato mechanized harvesting

Potato planting area and the total output have been ranked first in the world in recent years. Since the potato can serve as a growth crop under the soil, the harvest process is complex, large labor intensity, time consuming, and high labor costs. Potato harvest mode is still dominated by manual and semi-mechanized harvesting. Mechanized harvest is one of the key links in potato mechanized production. The low rate of mechanization harvest has been the short board for the potato harvest equipment in the field of agricultural machinery at present. The current situation has restricted the development of the Chinese potato industry. This review aims to summarize the planting characteristics, distribution, and mechanized harvest status of potatoes in the main production areas. At the same time, the key technologies of potato mechanization harvest were also reviewed at home and abroad. For example, the potato efficient ridge-like vine killing, potato digging device, potato low-loss and high-efficiency separation, multi-functional walking chassis, as well as human-computer interaction. The potato digging device was elaborated in the drag reduction and soil breaking, bionic digging, vibration digging, anti-blocking and depth limiting, as well as automatic ridge finding technology. The key technologies of potato low loss and high-efficiency separation were described in detail, including potato soil separation, potato vine separation, potato stone separation, flexible protection, and low position container. A summary was also provided for the structure and technical characteristics of typically small and medium-sized potato diggers, potato picking machines, as well as small-, medium-, and large-sized combined harvesting machines. A systematic analysis was made of the potato mechanization harvest. 1) It was difficult to complete the matching of machines and tools, particularly in various planting modes, complex terrain, and wide planting areas in the small plots in the hilly and mountainous areas. 2) There was a large proportion of small-scale planting areas, the high cost of purchasing harvesting equipment, and the weak ability of farmers to resist risks, leading to insufficient purchasing power for harvesting equipment. 3) Some potatoes in vegetable harvest accounted for a large proportion of China, with high requirements on the quality of the mechanized harvest. Farmers shared low trust in the harvesting equipment, and most of them used manual harvesting. 4) There was no perfect leasing service system for agricultural machinery, resulting in the low utilization rate of mechanized harvesting equipment. 5) The low separation effect and high impurity rate were found in the domestic combined harvesting machinery under the condition of large damage and sticky heavy soil. 6) Much attention can be expected to pay agricultural machinery research and development and support. Therefore, the mechanized potato harvest can be the trend of joint development in the step and combined harvest. In addition, the future directions prospected for the low loss and high-efficiency separation device, the breakthroughs in the weak technology, deep integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy in the agricultural machinery service system, together with the national policy support. The finding can also provide a strong reference for the development and research of mechanized potato harvesting technology in China.