径流泥沙实时自动监测仪的研制

针对径流泥沙过程监测仪缺乏和监测误差大的状况,研制了一种具有野外复杂条件下普遍适用的径流泥沙高精度实时自动监测仪,并建立了数据/站点管理云平台。该仪器从径流泥沙过程中提取驱动仪器运转的物理量并将其转换为测控信号,实现径流泥沙过程的实时自动监测;通过对仪器总体结构及各功能部件的优化设计,消减泥沙粘附和沉积,提高监测精度。通过标准泥沙样品验证了该仪器的适用性,结果表明该仪器监测的含沙量相对误差均值为3.67%,决定系数为0.997。土槽试验获取了径流过程中变幅较宽的径流量和含沙量的动态过程曲线。可见,该仪器不仅可以准确地监测径流泥沙过程,而且创新了水土流失监测技术和方法,推动了水土流失监测的自动化和信息化。

Development of real-time and automatic measuring equipment for runoff and sediment

Abstract: Monitoring processes of runoff and sediment are the foundation of the dynamic assessment of soil erosion. Runoff volume and sediment concentration are 2 important hydrodynamic parameters to forecast slope runoff variation, reveal soil erosion mechanism and find out movement rule of soil in the field. However, the equipment which can be used widely to monitor precisely the runoff volume and sediment concentration at the same time is lacking. In view of the inaccuracy or the lack of equipment for automatic monitoring of runoff and sediment processes, real-time and automatic measuring equipment with high precision was explored in this study. The equipment could be applied to multi-scenario, including runoff plot and watershed. In our study, firstly, through the integration of signal sensing and automatic control technology, physical characteristics driving the operation of the equipment were extracted and converted into TT&C signals to automatically monitor runoff and sediment yield processes. On the one hand, continuous flow of runoff and sediment was discretized by optimizing the design of equipment overall structure and the functional unit. On the other hand, optical material of sampling device was used and the most reasonable shape and surface treatment of sampling device was designed, to reduce the influences of sediment adhesion and deposition on the accuracy and precision of measurement. Finally, based on "internet+" framework, a cloud station/data management platform was established, including station management, data integration, calculation and analysis, and application service. The equipment was able to get the values of runoff volume and sediment concentration synchronously, which overcame the limitation of tradition method. Furthermore, the reliability and applicability of the equipment were validated by the simulation experiment, and the results showed that the relative error of sediment concentration was averaged as 3.67%. Specifically, the relative error was averaged as 7.00%, when the sediment concentration was less than10 kg/m3, and when the sediment concentration varied from 20 to 90 kg/m3 and from 100 to 300 kg/m3, the averaged relative errors were 3.10% and 2.61% respectively. The relative error greater than 10% accounted for only 3.70% of the total samples, while the relative error of the remaining 96.3% was less than 10%. The results also showed that the slope of linear regression between measured and actual sediment concentration was close to 1, and the coefficient of determination was up to 0.997. The research demonstrates that the equipment can detect precisely the dynamic processes of runoff volume and sediment concentration. We also monitored the dynamic process of runoff volume and sediment concentration through soil bin simulation experiment, and found that runoff volume varied from 19 to 127 L/s, with an average of 75.5 L/s, sediment concentration ranged from 4.6 to 275.1 kg/m3, and sediment concentration in the single rainfall was, on average, 88.6 kg/m3. The finding demonstrates that the equipment is capable of monitoring the large variation of runoff and sediment concentration, and can be used to complex field observations, and therefore, the self-designed equipment for auto-sampling water from runoff has a good prospect. This research can provide new techniques and methods for water and soil loss study, and promote the automation and informatization in water and soil loss monitoring.