畜舍自然通风理论分析与通风量估算

自然通风畜舍通常为大开口建筑,由于开口处的风速和压力分布不均匀,受外界环境影响大,难以确定进风口和出风口的位置,因此,自然通风畜舍通风量的估算值存在很大的不确定度。该研究通过分析通风量关键影响因素、对比不同估算方法结果差异、归纳提高估算准确度的方法,对自然通风畜舍通风理论与通风量估算研究进展进行综述,提出了现有研究的不足和需要进一步完善的内容。自然通风量可以通过压差法、风速法和CFD数值模拟法等直接估算或通过热平衡法、水汽平衡法、CO_2平衡法和示踪气体法间接估算。不同通风量测算方法之间的结果差异在10%～300%之间,估算准确度受开口流量系数、风压系数、动物产热量和产湿量、传感器布置位置等因素的影响,同时使用多种方法进行通风量测算有助于评估测算结果的准确度。CO_2平衡法在实测中应用最为广泛,测算结果相对稳定,但需要规范测试布点和计算取值方法,提高舍内CO_2产生量测算的准确度。水汽平衡法在实测中有一定的应用潜力,也需要提高畜舍水汽产生量的测算准确度,建立动态估算方法。自然通风量尚无准确又无争议的测算方法,现有通风量测算方法更适用于畜舍建筑通风设计,缺乏可以实时、动态调节畜舍通风量或通风口面积的测算方法,生产应用中还需要完善现有方法或建立新的测算方法用以直接、有效地指导自然通风量的调控。

Mechanism analysis and airflow rate estimation of natural ventilation in livestock buildings

Natural ventilation is energy-saving and preferred in livestock buildings under suitable conditions, especially for cattle and sheep. The natural ventilated livestock buildings usually have large-openings which result in the non-uniform distribution of wind speed and pressure at the openings, which makes it difficult to determine the air inlet and outlet and challenging to estimate airflow rate in a natural ventilated livestock buildings. Thermal buoyancy and wind pressure are the driving forces of natural ventilation whose airflow rate can be estimated directly by differential pressure method, wind speed method and CFD method, or indirectly by heat balance, moisture balance, CO2 balance and tracer gas method. This review paper investigates the published works on the theory of natural ventilation in livestock buildings and the methods of airflow rate estimation to obtain a better understanding on the state of art for the mechanisms and estimation methods of airflow rate of natural ventilation in livestock buildings. Furthermore, this paper summarizes the key factors affecting natural ventilation and the principles of improving accuracy in the application of estimation methods to guide ventilation measurements better, promote natural ventilation or mixed ventilation in livestock barns, and provide a basis for optimizing environmental control strategies for the environment as a whole. Finally, different estimation methods of airflow rate are compared and the research gaps need to be further improved are concluded in this paper. Up to now, it is short of an accurate and disputable method to measure airflow rate in natural ventilation. The differences among different estimation methods are generally between 10% and 300%, showing a very big variance. The estimation accuracy of different methods is affected by the factors such as the discharge coefficient, the pressure coefficient, the reliability of estimated heat and moisture production from animal, and the measuring position of sensors. Compared with other methods, the CO2 balance method is widely used in the field measurements, and the result is relatively stable. However, it is highly needed to standardize the layout of sensors and the usage of the measured gas concentrations from different sensors to appropriately calculate concentration difference between indoor and outdoor, improving the accuracy of assessing CO2 production from livestock buildings. The moisture balance method has a potential application in field measurements and practical situations because of its low cost of sensors and relatively good performance in estimation airflow rate. Nevertheless, it is necessary to further establish the estimation models on moisture production from house level and dynamic latent heat production from animals to improve the accuracy of moisture balance method. In addition, it is helpful to assess the reliability of the measured airflow rates and decrease the uncertainty in airflow rate estimation using multiple methods at the same time. Furthermore, the existing methods are more suitable for design assistance rather than regulating the airflow rate in real situation. It is necessary to improve the existing method or establish a new method to guide the regulation of natural ventilation directly and effectively in livestock buildings.