气送式排肥系统分配装置结构型式对排肥性能的影响

针对油麦兼用型气送式播种机宽幅、高速播种同步施肥时,气送式排肥系统采用不同结构型式分配装置排肥过程中各行排肥量一致性和破损率具有明显差异的生产实际,该研究以平顶式、平顶倒锥式、穹顶式、穹顶倒锥式分配装置为研究对象,确定了分配装置的主要结构参数,基于Hertz理论构建了颗粒肥料与分配装置主体间的弹性碰撞模型。应用DEM-CFD气固耦合分析了4种型式分配装置对肥料颗粒运动特性及排肥性能的影响,结果表明:每秒生成肥料颗粒量相同时,穹顶式、平顶式、平顶倒锥式、穹顶倒锥式分配装置内肥料颗粒的各时刻最大速度、最大碰撞法向力、各行排肥量一致性变异系数均逐渐增加,穹顶式分配装置内肥料颗粒最大碰撞法向力大于30 N的比例最小,为1.56%。利用智能种植机械测试平台开展气送式排肥器排肥性能验证试验,结果表明:台架试验中不同型式分配装置内肥料颗粒破损率变化规律与仿真试验中肥料颗粒最大速度、最大碰撞法向力变化规律一致;穹顶式分配装置内肥料颗粒各行排肥量一致性变异系数为6.35%～7.52%、破损率为2.97%～3.26%,其排肥性能总体优于平顶式、平顶倒锥式、穹顶倒锥式分配装置,满足排肥性能要求,为分配装置结构改进提供参考。

Effects of distributor types on fertilizing performance in an air-assisted applicator

Structural type of distributor normally dominates the uniform fertilizing quantity in each row and the damage rate in the fertilizing process under wide and high-speed sowing and synchronous fertilization of air-assisted planter for rapeseed and wheat. In this study, the main structural parameters of the distributor were determined according to the optimal fertilizing performance in an air-assisted applicator. The distributors with the flat top type, the inverted cone installed on the flat top type, the dome type, and the inverted cone installed on the dome type were taken as the research objects. The initial structural parameters were set: The inner diameter of delivering fertilizer tube was 82 mm. The length, width, and height of the diversion fertilizer outlet were all 30 mm. The diameter of the upper covering plate was 130 mm. The cone angle was 80° and the height of the inverted cone was 50 mm. An elastic collision model was established between the pelletized fertilizer and the main part of the distributor using Hertz theory. A Discrete Element Method (DEM) coupled with the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was selected to analyze the effects of 4-type distributors on the motion characteristics and fertilizing performance of fertilizer particles. The simulation results showed that the average values of maximum velocity and collision normal force, and the uniformity variation coefficient of each row fertilizing quantity of fertilizer particles in the distributor devices of the dome type, the flat top type, the inverted cone installed on the flat top type, and the inverted cone installed on the dome type all increased gradually. The maximum collision normal forces of fertilizer particles in the distributor of the dome type, the flat top type, the inverted cone installed on the flat top type, and the inverted cone installed on the dome type were 43.08, 62.5, 70.66, and 116.15 N, respectively, where the proportions of maximum collision normal force greater than 30 N (referring to the damage force range of pelletized fertilizer were 1.56%, 3.33%, 6.67%, and 38.89%, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum velocities of fertilizer particles in four-type distributors were 26.32, 29.14, 33.66, and 36.1 m/s, respectively, where the proportions of maximum velocity greater than 25 m/s were 0.44%, 7.78%, 9.33%, and 22.16%, respectively. The dome type distributor presented the minimum values in the maximum velocity, while the proportion of maximum velocity was greater than 25 m/s, indicating a small change in the velocity of fertilizer particles for the stable transportation of fertilizer particles.