非对称式大小圆盘开沟装置设计与试验

为解决东北一年一熟区玉米秸秆覆盖地免耕播种玉米存在的秸秆覆盖量大导致机具堵塞严重和双圆盘开沟器入土困难等问题,该文设计了一种非对称式大小圆盘开沟装置,该装置采用大、小圆盘一前一后非对称设置,大圆盘预先切割秸秆、残茬,小圆盘完成秸秆拨离并开出种沟,为玉米免耕播种提供清洁种床。无秸秆覆盖下的EDEM离散元仿真试验和田间试验,预先验证了开沟装置的作业性能。秸秆覆盖下的田间试验表明:该装置在秸秆覆盖条件下仍可实现较为稳定可靠的开沟效果,平均开沟深度为71.41 mm,平均开沟宽度为38.27 mm,满足玉米免耕播种作业要求;不同秸秆覆盖条件下,该装置作业流畅、种沟整洁,无明显堵塞和连续晾仔、断条现象,切茬、入土性能良好。该研究可为玉米少免耕播种开沟装置的改进及研发提供理论支持和技术基础。

Design and experiment of asymmetric large-small double discs ditching device

Abstract: Currently, there is a large amount of maize straw mulching on farmland in Northeast China. Under conditions of conservation tillage, there are large amount of straws mulching on soil surface that it required the opener of no-tillage seeder should have excellent functions for straw cutting, anti-blocking and seedbed cleaning, as well as stable ditching performance that can keep the ditch depth and the ditch width fluctuating uniformly. During the mechanized sowing period, maize no-tillage seeder with sharp angle opener is facing the problem of seriously clogged up and high-power consumption, while planter with disc opener shows little disturbance to soil under straw mulching condition and a good trafficability. However, large positive pressure and counterweight that auxiliary ditching operation will be needed for general double disc opener, with poor soil entry ability and straw blockage problem, especially in the conditions of large amount of straw mulching on the surface of farmland, the disc opener will press the straw into furrow instead of cutting them off when ditching in farmland with quantities of straw mulching. Based on the above issues, an asymmetric large-small double disc ditching device for corn seeding was put forward in this paper, which is mainly composed of large disc, small disc, direct-axis, oblique-axis and rack. The large disc and the small disc are arranged asymmetrically, which forming rotating connection with the rack by direct-axis and oblique-axis respectively. The rotating plane of the large disc is perpendicular to the horizontal plane and the small disc is inclined setting. The angle between the rotating plane of the small disc and the vertical plane is 8° (the working inclination of small disc), besides, the angle between the rotating plane of the small disc and the direction of the ditching operation is 12° (the working deflection of small disc). When working, large disc mounted on front of small disc cuts maize straw and stubble in advance, and then small disc that staggered set in the rear-lower part removes straws and ditches seed furrows, in order to prepare clean seedbeds for maize sowing. Based on mechanical analysis and kinematics analysis, diameter of large disc and small disc was obtained, which was 460 mm and 360 mm respectively. The gathering point located on the front edge of the small disc that gathering point angle of small disc is 56°, meanwhile the gathering point located in the interior of large disc with radius of 190 mm, gathering point angle of 56°. The performance of asymmetric large-small double disc ditching device was tested by EDEM simulations and field experiments without straw mulching on soil in advance beforehand, and the difference of ditching depth and ditching width were 2.15 mm and 1.62 mm respectively. Results of field experiments under wheat straw mulching showed that asymmetric large-small double disc ditching device could realize relatively stable and reliable ditching effect. Under straw mulching conditions, the ditching device could meet the requirements of no-tillage maize sowing, the average ditching depth was 71.41 mm and the average ditching width was 38.27 mm. Besides, anti-blocking performance of asymmetric large-small double disc ditching device was tested in field experiments with 4 straw mulching amount(full-straw coverage, small amount of coverage (0.66 kg/m2), middle amount of coverage (1.64 kg/m2), large amount of coverage (2.18 kg/m2)), at 2 different working speeds (4 km/h, 6 km/h). Anti-blocking tests indicated that the ditching device was operating smoothly, and there was no obvious blockage and continuous breaking in the ditch overall, which revealed better straw-cutting capability and enhanced penetrability. The device meets the requirements of agronomic production and standards of maize sowing, and this research can provide theoretical support and technical basis for the development of maize no-tillage planter.