钵苗机插水稻产量形成优势及主要生理生态特点

为研究钵苗机插水稻产量形成优势及生理生态特点，在长江中下游不同生态区选用当地大面积种植的代表性品种淮稻8号、甬尤8号、常优5号、皖稻68、镇稻11、武运粳24为材料，设置钵苗机插高产示范田和专题对比小区试验，并以常规盘育毯苗机插为对照（CK），就产量及其结构、群体生长发育动态各项指标进行系统比较。结果表明，与水稻毯状小苗机插相比，机插钵苗秧苗素质高，活棵发苗快，高峰苗数较小，成穗率高7个百分点；钵苗机插水稻生育中、后期群体生长率和净同化率相对较高，其中抽穗至成熟期群体生长率高出8.7%~15.1%。抽穗后群体光合势、干物质积累等光合物质生产指标均显著或极显著高于毯苗机插，其中抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量增加8.7%；钵苗机插水稻抽穗后根系活力各项指标均较优，乳熟期颖花根活量提高14.2%，且抗倒伏能力较强，基部节间倒伏指数小7%～16.8%。钵苗机插水稻具有显著的增产优势，比毯苗机插增产6.0%～12.6%，其产量形成优势的主要特征是"穗大粒多"。

Advantages of yield formation and main characteristics of physiological and ecological in rice with nutrition bowl mechanical transplanting

Abstract: In different ecological regions of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, representative cultivars which were widely planted in the local areas were used as the materials by setting the high-yield demonstration field and special plot comparison test of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting, with conventional blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting for CK. The yield and its structure, various indicators of population growth, and development dynamic under two kinds of mechanical-transplanting methods were compared systematically, in order to study the advantages of yield formation and physiological and ecological characteristics of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice. The results showed that, comparing with blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting, bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting stopped growing in the first week after transplanting. The averaged daily increment of the height of a seedling, leaf area, dry matter, and root traits of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting in the second week after transplanting were all significantly better than the CK from beginning to end. The procedure of establishment and sprouting of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice came earlier, of which the maximum number of stems and tillers were less and the dynamic change of stems and tills presented the characteristics of rising steadily and dropping slowly, as well as the ratio of productive tillers to total tillers being 9.3% higher than that of CK. The leaf area of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting rice degraded more slowly after heading, of which the effective leaf area index and the efficient leaf area index were 2.0%, 2.5% higher respectively. In addition, the photosynthetic potential and net assimilation rate were relatively higher than that of CK. The growth rate of population and the amount of accumulation of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting rice were both significantly higher than that of blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice from heading to maturity stage. The bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice still not only kept the root activity rather higher in the late period of rice growth, but also the lodging index of basal internodes was slightly lower so its lodging resistant capability was stronger, compared with the blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice. The comparison test from 2011 to 2012 under different ecological regions show that bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice had an approximately 6.0 to 12.6 percent higher yield than blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice, possessing a significant advantage of increasing yield. The average percentage of increased output at all the experimental sites was significantly improved by 9.0%. The main advantage of yield formation for it was large panicles with more grains: There exists no significant difference among the two mechanical-transplanting methods in terms of filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight. While the bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice had slightly lower number of panicle, it had more spikelets per panicle. Consequently, due to the above factors, they commonly promoted increased yield.