秸秆生物反应堆与菌肥对温室番茄土壤微环境的影响

为研究秸秆生物反应堆、微生物菌肥及两者配套措施对土壤理化性质和微生物功能多样性,以及作物生长的长期影响,试验以传统种植方式为对照(CK,常规栽培),研究了菌肥(T1,微生物菌肥4 kg/667 m2)、内置式秸秆生物反应堆(T2,秸秆(4 t/667 m2)+发酵沟菌剂(8 kg/667 m2)+腐熟猪粪(600 kg/667 m2))及2种措施配套处理(T3,秸秆(4 t/667 m2)+发酵沟菌剂(8 kg/667 m2)+微生物菌肥(4 kg/667 m2)+腐熟猪粪(600 kg/667 m2))对土壤理化性质和微生物功能多样性的影响。结果表明:1)与CK相比,秸秆生物反应堆能够在一定时期内提高土壤含水率;而菌肥能够在一定时期内降低土壤含水率,秸秆生物反应堆能够显著降低土壤酸性和电导率(EC,electrical conductivity)值,缓冲土壤酸化和次生盐渍化;而单施菌肥对土壤酸碱性和EC值没有显著影响。2)秸秆生物反应堆(T2)增加了土壤中有机质的含量和土壤微生物量,降低土壤中速效磷、钾的含量;微生物菌肥(T1)降低了土壤中有机质含量和微生物量,而显著提升了土壤的速效磷、速效钾含量,两种措施配套处理效果则更明显。3)菌肥能够改善土壤微生物对多聚物、碳水化合物和氨基酸的利用效率,而秸秆生物反应堆能够促进土壤微生物对于一部分氨基酸、羧酸类、酚酸类和胺类物质的利用。而2种措施同时使用时,其促进和改善微生物碳代谢能力的作用则更加显著。4)各处理均能够在一定程度上增加各年度番茄产量。综合考虑,认为内置式秸秆生物反应堆和菌肥配套处理(T3)能够更好的改善和修复日光温室连作土壤,增加作物产量,是一种较为有效的农艺措施。

Effects of straw biological reactor and microbial agents on physicochemical properties and microbial diversity of tomato soil in solar greenhouse

Abstract: Continuous cropping difficulties have caused significant yield decrease in protected vegetable production system in China. It's been reported that the continuous cropping can result in the accumulation of autotoxin, the secondary salinization and acidification of soil in solar greenhouse. A variety of practices including grafting, crop rotation, and microbial agent application, have been used to improve the soil quality and enhance crop growth in protected vegetable production systems. The built-in straw biological reactor and microbial agents have been efficiently and widely used to alleviate the continuous cropping obstacles in China. The built-in straw biological reactor could increase crop production by enhancing the concentration of CO2 and soil temperature, while the microbial agents generally have positive effects on reducing the continuous cropping obstacles and decreasing soil-borne diseases. Tomato is one of the important vegetable crops in Chinese protected production systems. However, continuous cropping has caused obstacles of crop growth in protected tomato production systems. In this paper we studied the physicochemical properties and microbial diversities of tomato soils affected by four treatments. They are traditional management (CK), microbial agent (T1, 4 kg/667 m2), built-in straw biological reactor (T2, maize straw 4 t/667 m2 plus straw fermenting agent 8 kg/667 m2 plus composted pig manure 600 kg/667 m2), and the combination of microbial agent and the built-in straw biological reactor (T3, maize straw 4 t/667 m2 plus straw fermenting agent 8 kg/667 m2 plus microbial agent 4 kg/667 m2 plus composted pig manure 600 kg/667 m2). The study was conducted from 2009 to 2013. The over winter tomato was planted in a solar greenhouse in Fangshan, Beijing from October to next July each year. The soil samples of 0~30cm layers were collected at vegetative stage, early fruiting period, vigorous fruiting period and the last fruiting stage. Physicochemical properties including soil moisture content, pH and EC values, the mass fraction of organic matter, available P and K, and the microbial biomass C and N were determined. The functional diversity of microorganisms was analyzed using BIOLOG ECO Plates. The results showed that T2 and T3 treatments have higher soil moisture content and pH but lower EC values compared to control. T1 has low water content but has no effect on pH and EC. The straw biological reactor increased soil organic matter and microbial biomass, and decreased the contents of available P and K. However, a reverse trend was observed under the treatment T1. The treatment T1 improved the ability of utilizing polymers, carbohydrates and amino acids. The built-in straw biological reactor improved the ability of using amino acids, carboxylic acids, phenolic and amines. The combination of microbial agents and built-in straw biological reactor promoted the carbon catabolic ability of microorganism. All of three treatments improved tomato yield. These results indicate that the treatment T3 has the greater effect son soil improvement although has no apparent impacts on the yields. It is deserved to be promoted in greenhouse planting.