旱地蔬菜钵苗自动移栽机栽植性能试验

为了提高蔬菜苗机械化移栽作业效率,实现旱地蔬菜钵体苗移栽自动化,研制了旱地蔬菜钵苗自动移栽机,主要由椭圆-不完全非圆齿轮行星系旋转式取苗机构、横向纵向间歇送苗机构、偏心圆盘吊杯式栽植器、动力传递系统等组成。为了获得该机的作业性能,以苗龄35 d的钵体番茄苗为移栽对象,分别在栽植频率45、60、75、84株/min时进行低速移栽试验,以96株/min的栽植频率进行高速移栽试验,按照机械行业标准JB/T 10291-2013《旱地栽植机械》测定了株距变异系数、漏栽率、栽植深度合格率、栽植合格率,参照农业行业标准NY/T 1924-2010《油菜移栽机质量评价技术规范》测定了直立度合格率。田间试验结果表明,在栽植频率为45~96株/min范围内,株距变异系数、漏栽率随栽植频率增加而略有增大,其平均值分别为6.6%~8.9%、1.7%~2.8%,栽植深度合格率、直立度合格率、栽植合格率随栽植频率增加略有下降,其平均值分别为97.5%~98.9%、96.7%~97.8%、91.1%~94.7%,株距变异系数、漏栽率、栽植深度合格率、栽植合格率均达到机械行业标准要求,直立度合格率也达到农业行业标准中的规定值。旱地蔬菜钵苗自动移栽机送苗机构、取苗机构、栽植器、整机行走配合协调,能够自动完成送苗、取苗、植苗、覆土等钵苗体移栽工序,作业性能良好。

Experiment on transplanting performance of automatic vegetable pot seedling transplanter for dry land

Abstract: To improve the efficiency of mechanization in transplanting vegetable seedlings and achieve the automation of vegetable transplanter in dry land, an automatic vegetable pot seedling transplanter for dry land was developed. This transplanter is mainly composed of 2 rotating seedling picking-up mechanisms of planetary gear train with ellipse gears and incomplete non-circular gears, a horizontal and longitudinal intermittent seedling sending device, 2 eccentric disc dibble-type planting apparatuses, and a power transmission system. Two rotating seedling picking-up devices and 2 eccentric disc dibble-type planting apparatuses were symmetrically arranged along the longitudinal surface center of the machine, constituting 2 sets of automatic seedling picking-up and planting systems. The seedlings were provided automatically from 2 standard seedling pots with 128 holes using the horizontal and longitudinal intermittent seedling sending device. The engine drive shaft could transfer power to the principal axis of the apparatus through chain drive to enable the rotating and planting of the apparatus. Meanwhile, the principal axis of the apparatus could transfer the power to the rotating seedling picking-up mechanisms of planetary gear train with ellipse gears and incomplete non-circular gear and intermittent seedling sending device. Subsequently the intermittent seedling sending device could move horizontally and longitudinally to send the seedling pots to the target place, where the seedling picking-up mechanism took the seedlings from the pot to the eccentric disc dibble-type planting apparatus. To test the performance of this automatic vegetable pot seedling transplanter for dry land, the experiments were conducted in the test field where the soil condition met the mechanical industry standard in People''s Republic of China Dry Land Planting Machinery (JB/T 10291-2013). The tomato seedlings (ZheZa 809) used in this experiment were cultivated in the standard seedling pots with 128 holes and transplanted at the age of 35 days with an average height of 150 mm. The seedling sending, picking-up, delivering and planting were all carried out at a constant transplanting frequency by adjusting the speed of the input belt pulley of the walking gear-box. The seedling transplanting efficiency was tested at the low speeds of 45, 60, 75 and 84 plants/min, respectively, as well as at the high speed of 96 plants /min. The coefficient of variation for planting spacing, missing transplanting rate, qualified rate of planting depth and qualified rate of transplanting were determined according to the mechanical industry standard Dry Land Planting Machinery (JB/T10291-2013). The seedling-standing ratio was calculated based on the Technical Specifications of Quality Evaluation for Rape Transplanter (NY/T 1924-2010) according to the standards for agriculture industry in People''s Republic of China. The results showed that the coefficient of variation for planting spacing and the missing transplanting rate increased slightly at the range of 6.6%-8.9% and 1.7%-2.8% accordingly when increasing the planting frequency from 45 to 96 plants/min. However, the qualified rate of planting depth, the qualified rate of planting perpendicularity and the qualified rate of transplanting decreased slightly in the range of 97.5%-98.9%, 96.7%-97.8%, and 91.1%-94.7% with the increasing of planting frequency. The coefficient of variation for planting spacing, the missing transplanting rate, the qualified rate of planting depth and the qualified rate of planting all met the requirements of the machinery industry standards (JB/T 10291-2013), and the qualified rate of planting perpendicularity was also within the specified value in the standards for agriculture industry (NY/T 1924-2010). The automatic seedling-sending device, the seedling picking-up device and the planting apparatus of the automatic transplanter coordinated well with each other to complete the process for sending seedlings, picking up seedlings, delivering seedling, planting and soil covering automatically.