西北旱区农业高质量发展体系的生态农业内涵与路径

西北旱区自然条件恶劣，水土资源不匹配，农业发展受到诸多障碍。为探索一条突破环境制约，且资源集约高效利用的现代农业发展道路，该文系统分析了国内外农业发展沿革与趋势，明晰了西北旱区农业发展面临的问题与挑战，构建了针对西北旱区的生态农业发展理论框架，提出了西北旱区多业态生态农业结构与提质增效途径。研究发现，生态农业是通过现代科学技术与生态工程原理，形成产供销全链条绿色循环且生态功能持续提升的一种农业体系。生态农业应具备农业资源集约化、生产过程生态化、农业经营产业化、农业管理智能化、农业功能多元化五大基本特征。该文构建了以高效益、高效率、高品质、高素质为目标的生态农业高质量发展体系，提出了集优质棉业、精品果业、优质粮草、生态养殖、特色小镇、地理产品为一体的西北旱区多业态生态农业结构，阐明了以节水控盐协同模式、生境智能管控模式、“园机”一体化模式、循环经济发展模式、城乡统筹发展模式、“三产”一体化模式为核心的西北旱区生态农业提质增效技术体系，明确了以农业高效用水和生态功能提升为核心的关键途径。同时实践经验显示，绿色可持续的生态农业发展理念对促进区域经济水平与生态环境建设效果显著，如陕西眉县绿色林果业品牌入选中欧地理标志产品名单、综合产值达58.5亿元，甘肃广河县和宁夏青铜峡市畜禽粪污资源化率超90%，新疆生产建设兵团七十七团通过秸秆资源化技术单产增加8%、土壤有机质达21.2%，内蒙古科尔沁旗通过优质牧草种植、良种培育的生态畜牧业实现了规模生产与草场保护的双赢。

Ecological agriculture connotation and pathway of high-quality agricultural development system in Northwest arid region

Agricultural production can depend mainly on various natural conditions in the arid areas of northwest China. The ecological environment is ever deteriorating in recent years, including the arid climate, water scarcity, soil salinization, and low land quality. Furthermore, the conflict between ecological and agricultural water use has caused inadequate water supply in the irrigation areas, insufficient irrigation and drainage facilities, as well as low efficiency in water and fertilizer utilization. It is still lacking in the coordination between agricultural production and the ecological environment. In this study, the development path of modern agriculture was explored to balance the environmental constraints and efficiently use resources. The history and trends of agriculture were first identified to determine the agricultural challenges in the arid northwest region. A framework of ecological agriculture was proposed to improve the quality and efficiency of agricultural production. The green circular chain of production, supply, and sales was established in the ecological agriculture system, in order to continuously enhance the ecological functions using modern scientific, technological, and ecological engineering. Ecological agriculture was characterized by resource intensification, ecological production, industrialization of agricultural management, intelligent agriculture, and diversified agricultural functions. A multi-format structure of ecological agriculture was proposed for the arid northwest region, including high-quality cotton, fruits, grains, and forage, ecological breeding, characteristic towns, and geographical products. A technical system was also presented to improve the quality and efficiency of ecological agriculture. Six featuring modes included the water-saving and salt-control synergistic, habitat intelligent control, "park machinery" integrated, circular economy, urban-rural coordinated, and three-industry integrated mode. Some suggestions were proposed for the high-quality development paths, according to the unique characteristics of agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry in the arid northwest regions. The critical strategies were then optimized to enhance the efficient water use and ecological functions for high-quality agricultural development in the arid regions. Specifically, the water utilization coefficient of the canal system increased from 0.65 to 0.70, while the water production efficiency was enhanced from 1.42 to 1.62 kg/m³. An adequate food supply was achieved in this case. Water efficiency was required for the water source engineering, irrigation and drainage systems, as well as on-farm water use. The water consumption ratio of 50% was maintained for both the economic and social systems. The natural ecosystem was then essential to enhance the ecological functions. Sandstorms were then prevented to improve the livable environment of the oasis. The ecological corridor network was also restored to strengthen the ecological protection structure of the desert oasis. Much emphasis was placed on the importance of efficient water use in agriculture, particularly for ecological functions. The concept of ecological agriculture was actively promoted to implement the significant achievements in various regions of the northwest. Practical examples included Meixian County''s green fruit and forestry industry brand, Guanghe County and Qingtongxia City''s high resource utilization rate for livestock and poultry manure, the 77th Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps'' increased crop yields and soil organic matter through straw resource utilization, and Keerqin Banner''s success in the large-scale production and grassland protection through ecological animal husbandry. Environmentally friendly and sustainable ecological agriculture can greatly contribute to the regional economic development.