发酵床养猪废弃垫料的资源化利用评价

发酵床养殖技术是基于控制畜禽粪尿排放与污染的一种新型生态养殖模式,但其有机废弃物的处理和应用值得进一步研究.本文测定了我国山东、吉林两省5个发酵床养猪场的废弃垫料的有机质、氮、磷、钾、重金属元素、抗生素和盐分含量以及有害微生物数量.结果表明,废弃垫料中富含有机质、氮、磷、钾等营养元素.其中有机质含量为42.62％～54.12％,全氮1.54％～2.12％,全磷(P2O5)2.24％～5.55％,全钾(K2O)0.57％～2.15％;Cu、Zn、Cr、As、Ni、Pb、Cd、Hg等8种重金属元素含量均符合国家有机肥料农业行业标准(NY 525-2012)和城镇垃圾农用控制标准(GB 8172-1987)的限量标准；土霉素(Oxytetracycline,OTC)、四环素(Tetracycline,TC)、金霉素(Chlortetracycline,CTC)等四环素类抗生素含量低,环境风险小；蛔虫卵和大肠杆菌含量均超过NY 525-2012和GB 8172-1987的规定限值,蛔虫卵死亡率范围为90％～94％,总大肠杆菌的数量范围为1.29×105～2.24×106cfus/g;垫料盐分含量达到22.11～45.71g/kg.评价结论:发酵床废弃垫料具有有机肥料的基本性质,但是盐分含量偏高；肠道寄生虫卵严重超标,具有生物安全隐患,施用前必须对其进行无害化处理.

Evaluation on resource utilization of litters in pig-on-litter farming system

The pig-on-litter (POL) system is a new ecological pig farming model of reducing pig wastes. The resource utilization of litters requires further investigation. A study was carried out to investigate organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, heavy metals, antibiotics residues, salinities and maleficent bacteria of pig litters from five pig-on-litter farms in Shandong and Jilin in China. The results show that the pig litters rich in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash. The contents of organic matter are in the range of 42.62%–54.12%, the contents of total nitrogen are in the range of 1.54%–2.12%, the contents of total phosphorus (P₂O₅) are in the range of 2.24%–5.55% and the contents of total potassium (K₂O) are in the range of 0.57%–2.15%. The contents of copper, zinc, chromium, arsenic, nickel, plumbum, cadmium and hydrargyrum are lower than the respective values in the organic fertilizer national standards (NY 525-2012) and control standards for urban wastes for agricultural use (GB 8172-1987). The pig litters have low environmental risks for low contents of OTC, TC and CTC. The contents of ascaris eggs and E. coli are higher than the respective values in the two standards. The ascaris eggs mortalities are in the range of 90%–94%, the numbers of E. coli are in the range of 1.29×10⁵ –2.24×10⁶ CFUs/g. Moreover, salinities are high in pig litters. Conclusion: The pig litters have the fundamental properties of organic fertilizer, and must be harmlessly processed before land utilization for biological safety risks.