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不同施肥方式对东北黑土春玉米连作体系土壤氮素平衡的影响
引用本文:蔡红光,米国华,张秀芝,任军,冯国忠,高强.不同施肥方式对东北黑土春玉米连作体系土壤氮素平衡的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(1):89-97.
作者姓名:蔡红光  米国华  张秀芝  任军  冯国忠  高强
作者单位:1. 吉林省农业科学院农业环境与资源研究中心,吉林长春130033/吉林农业大学资源与环境学院,吉林长春130118
2. 中国农业大学植物营养系,农业部植物营养学重点实验室,教育部植物-土壤相互作用重点实验室,北京100193
3. 吉林省农业科学院农业环境与资源研究中心,吉林长春,130033
4. 吉林农业大学资源与环境学院,吉林长春,130118
基金项目:国家重点基础研究发展计划课题(2009CB118601);行业计划(200803030)项目;支撑计划(2008BADA4B02)项目资助
摘    要:通过三年定位试验,在东北春玉米连作区比较了农民习惯(一次性施肥)与优化施肥条件下土壤作物系统的氮素表观平衡及氮素在土壤中的残留特征,以期评价两种施肥方式对黑土氮素矿化、残留及氮素平衡的影响。研究结果表明:优化施氮(根据土壤无机氮测试推荐追肥量,Opt)处理玉米产量、生物量、吸氮量最高。农民习惯施肥1(85%基肥+15%种肥,Tra1)和农民习惯施肥2(氮肥全部作为基肥施入,Tra2)处理土壤残留无机氮含量变化受降水量影响较大,残留硝态氮下移明显。与Opt处理相比,三年连作后3060 cm土层硝态氮含量增加约2.0倍,6090 cm硝态氮含量增加约2.4~3.3倍。Opt处理可显著降低肥料氮在土壤中的残留。在氮素输出项中,作物携出量因施肥方式不同而差异显著,氮盈余量随施氮量的增加而急剧增加,最高达400.9 kg/hm2。Tra2处理氮盈余最小,但以残留Nmin为主。氮肥一次性基施使氮素在土壤中累积较多,且易导致土壤残留硝态氮下移,从而对东北黑土地区的生态环境造成一定的威胁。而在基肥的基础上,根据土壤无机氮测试推荐追肥可以提高氮肥利用率,减少氮损失。

关 键 词:施肥方式    玉米    氮肥效应    氮素平衡
收稿时间:2011-06-27

Effect of different fertilizing methods on nitrogen balance in the black soil for continuous maize production in Northeast China
CAI Hong-guang,MI Guo-hua,ZHANG Xiu-zhi,REN Jun,FENG Guo-zhong,GAO Qiang.Effect of different fertilizing methods on nitrogen balance in the black soil for continuous maize production in Northeast China[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2012,18(1):89-97.
Authors:CAI Hong-guang  MI Guo-hua  ZHANG Xiu-zhi  REN Jun  FENG Guo-zhong  GAO Qiang
Institution:1 Research Center of Agricultural Environment and Resources,Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Changchun 130033,China; 2 College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,Jilin Agricultural University,Changchun 130118,China; 3 Department of Plant Nutrition,China Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition,MOA/ Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions,MOE,Beijing 100193,China)
Abstract:To study the effect of different fertilizing methods on the characteristics of nitrogen mineralization and residual in the black soil and nitrogen balance in the continuous spring maize cultivation,a three-year field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different fertilizing methods(basal fertilizer plus topdressing based on soil mineral nitrogen test,Opt and traditional application,Tra1 and Tra2) on nitrogen(N) balance and residue in the soil at a fixed location in northeast China.The results indicated that the grain yield,biomass,and N uptake of maize in optimized N treatment(basal fertilizer plus topdressing based on soil mineral nitrogen test,Opt) were the highest.In the traditional application 1(85% basal N fertilizer + 15% seed manure,Tra1) and traditional application 2(basal N fertilizer only,Tra2) were influenced by annual rainfall amount,the residual nitrate moved down obviously.The nitrate-N of 30-60 cm and 60-90 cm in the soil under Tra1 and Tra2 treatments were about two and 2.4-3.3 times greater than that of Opt treatment,respectively.The N residue in the soil was decreased significantly under Opt treatment.Nitrogen surplus in the soil sharply increased with increasing N input,and the maximum was 400.9 kg/ha.Nitrogen surplus under Tra2 treatment was the lowest,which was based mainly on residual Nmin.N application once at seeding increased significantly soil Nmin which lead to high apparent N loss.Application of all the N fertilizer at seeding lead to significant nitrate leaching into the deep soil in the condition of black soil in northeast China,and therefore threatened the environment to a large degree.Basal fertilization plus optimized topdressing based on soil mineral-nitrogen test was a promising way to increase N fertilizer utilization and reduce N loss.
Keywords:fertilizing methods  maize  N-fertilizer effect  N balance
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